Luigi Luzzatti and the making of the Italian monetary system

After unification (1861) Italy had to face a badly integrated and oddly struc-tured financial system as well as some fragmented or lacking institutions. The fi-nancial position of the country was characterised by double deficit in public and external balance. That caused several monetary and financial difficulties. In par-ticular, monetary and banking institutions had to be step-by-step integrated and reorganised to support economic development in this new economic space. Luigi Luzzatti has been one of the main protagonists of this process of institution build-ing. Besides his commitment with trade tariff negotiation and a variety of initiative in industry and environmental protection, he dedicated a wide effort to monetary institutions. He was one of the main supporters of the "Latin Monetary Union", which lasted from 1865 to 1928 and contributed to reforms dealing with the prob-lem of the plurality of emission banks and of their control. Luzzatti also engaged in the development of "popular banks" to contribute to the structuring of the credit system from the bottom.

Hypothesis of Twin Deficits in Cote d’Ivoire: The Nonlinear Effect Analysis with a Smooth Transition Autoregression Model (STAR)

This paper tests the hypothesis of double deficit in Côte d'Ivoire in non-linear aid framework, using an autoregressive smooth transition model (STAR). The main results validate the hypothesis of double deficit in Côte d' Ivoire. The effect of current balance on budget balance is greater than budget balance on current balance. Moreover, the rapid effects of current account instability on fiscal balance reveal the lack of expectation by economic agents that leads to current account deterioration compared to the deterioration of budget balance. Thus, economic policies aimed at influencing the effect on current balance would be more effective than those aimed at the effect on budget balance. In other words, Ivorian economy adopts a Keynesian performance in the event of current account shocks and performance that tend to be more or less Ricardian in presence of fiscal policy shock.

Group Stability and Reading Profiles of Students With Dyslexia: A Double-Deficit Perspective

This study examined the Double-Deficit Hypothesis (DDH) by classifying students with dyslexia into four distinct groups, comparing group differences on text-level reading tasks, and examining group stability across one school year (fall to spring). Elementary students ( N = 109) were administered measures of reading fluency, reading comprehension, and phonological processing across the school year. DDH group membership was determined by the presence of phonological awareness deficits (PD), naming speed deficits (NSD), double-deficits (DD) in both skills, or no deficits for typically developing (TD) readers. The McNemar test was used to determine the stability of DDH group membership. Analysis of covariance was used to compare DDH groups on text-level reading tasks at each time point after controlling for gender. Overall, reading profiles across the fall DDH groups were congruent with DDH theory, but instability was found in the reading patterns and group membership across time. Nearly half (47.71%) of participants changed DDH groups across the school year and reading skill differences between the single-deficit groups dissipated in the spring. Results provide partial support for the DDH subgroups. More research is needed to understand the utility of the DDH subtypes for future assessment and intervention practices.

‘Double deficit’ and exclusion: Mediated language ideologies and international students’ multilingualism

International students studying at Australian universities are largely represented in the media as problematic speakers of English, in part due to the dominance of the monolingual mindset as an approach to language. This paper focuses instead on international students’ multilingualism and examines the multimodal media representation of them as multilingual speakers. This study presents a thematic language ideological analysis of an episode of an Australian current affairs television program, Four Corners, and social media discussion of the episode and explores the way language ideologies work in the context. It shows that multilingual practices and speakers are stigmatized through the textual and multimodal representation of languages other than English (LOTE). Findings show that the multilingualism of international students and competencies available through LOTE are largely rendered invisible and students are constructed through a ‘double deficit’ view. They are thus not seen as multilingual speakers but deficient English speakers and this deficiency indexes other deficits. Where LOTE becomes visible, it is represented as a problem. The results also show that the social media discussions further amplify the language ideologies of the episode. The implications are considered for media representation and for universities to shift the focus to English language as a medium of instruction only and end ‘language blindness’ for improved social inclusion.

Double Deficit in Hungary in the 1970’s and 1980’s

In the 1970’s and 1980’s, for­eign trade de­fi­cit was ac­com­pan­ied by a high budget de­fi­cit. To un­der­stand the pro­cess, it is es­sen­tial to an­swer two ques­tions. One of them is: Was there a causal re­la­tion­ship between the two? The other is: How did they cor­rel­ate with the in­vest­ment cycle? After an ana­lysis of the issue, it is con­cluded that the cyc­lical surge in in­vest­ment was the com­mon reason be­hind both de­fi­cits. Pick-up in in­vest­ment pro­jects and the in­crease in pro­duc­tion re­quired sub­stan­tial im­ports. On the other hand, pro­ject fin­an­cing also in­creased the budget de­fi­cit. By im­pos­ing re­straints on CAPEX pro­jects, im­ports could be tem­por­ar­ily re­duced and budget ex­pendit­ures could de­cline. In for­eign trade, curb­ing was faster, while the im­prove­ment of the budget­ary po­s­i­tion took longer.