BALANCE BUDGETING OF AGRIBUSINESS ENTERPRISES

Approaches to defining the essence of budgeting and budgets classification are generalized, the importance of the budget balance for agribusiness enterprises is charac­terized. The peculiarities of drawing up balance budgets at agribusiness enterprises, methods of determining budget indicators, the relationship of budgets with management balance sheet items, which will effectively organize balance budgeting and coordinate balance indicators to manage the financial condition of the enterprise are analyzed.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATING BUDGET IMBALANCES

The article focuses on the ambiguity of the economists’ scientific position to the state budget imbalancing. The understanding of the balanced state budget in terms of revenues and expenditures in accordance with the concept of «healthy finances» is substantiated. The shortcomings of the concept of «healthy finances» are revealed, in particular, the fact that the annual balancing of budget revenues and expenditures excludes or significantly reduces the possibility of countercyclical, stabilizing influence of the state fiscal policy. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the concept of chronic budget deficit and the specifics of deficit financing of public expenditures within the concept of countercyclical regulation. At the same time, it is proved that budget’s balancing is a secondary problem according to the concept of functional finance. It has been found that budget deficits can have both positive and negative socio-economic effects, depending on the circumstances in which they are formed. The types of state budget deficit are identified and characterized, namely: nominal, real, operating, primary, actual, hidden, quasi-fiscal, aggregative, active, passive, perceived, structural, cyclic deficits. It is proved that the main task of the state is to balance it in order to balance revenues and expenditures of the state. The article considers the approach to estimating budget imbalance using Cauchy inequality and an algorithm for estimating budget imbalance is formed. It is proved that ensuring budget balance is possible in the following areas: improving the quality of planning of key budget indicators; expansion of the income base; budget expenditure optimization / sequestration; targeted financing; improving the efficiency of state property management, budget control; introduction of result-oriented budgeting and audit of the efficiency of the use of budget funds; improvement of intergovernmental relations; public debt management. The article develops a scientific and methodological approach to imbalances estimating, in particular the Consolidated Budget in terms of substantiating the limit value of the imbalance measure based on the application of Cauchy inequality, as well as determining the impact of dynamic changes in budget imbalance based on the method of chain substitutions. The advantages of this scientific and methodological approach are the ability to compare estimates of budget imbalances, which differ significantly in the amount of financial resources redistributed through the budget, because such estimates are relative, which eliminates the effect of budget scale. Keywords: budget system, budget, budget deficit, deficit financing, budget balance, imbalance assessment, countercyclical regulation of the economy. JEL Classіfіcatіon G18, H6 Formulas: 3; fig.: 1; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 10.

Improving the Efficiency of the State Budget Balance in Vietnam

The state budget balance is always an extremely important issue for each government. In 2020, Vietnam has a relatively small-scale economy. Its economic scale and GDP per capita reached 271.2 billion USD and 2,779 USD respectively. Budget revenue is still limited, but the need for recurrent spending and development investment is still very large now and in many years to come. In the past time, budget revenue and expenditure are in a situation of not having the necessary balance, the state budget deficit has been still around 4.5 percent of GDP. The actual state budget revenue and expenditure balance have been revealing several disadvantages. Faced to such a situation, the author would like to present some important issues about the state budget revenue and expenditure and propose key solutions to increase the efficiency of state budget revenue and expenditure in Vietnam.

Polyhedral Clinching Auctions for Two-Sided Markets

In this paper, we present a new model and mechanisms for auctions in two-sided markets of buyers and sellers, where budget constraints are imposed on buyers. Our model incorporates polymatroidal environments and is applicable to a variety of models that include multiunit auctions, matching markets, and reservation exchange markets. Our mechanisms are built on the polymatroidal network flow model by Lawler and Martel. Additionally, they feature nice properties such as the incentive compatibility of buyers, individual rationality, Pareto optimality, and strong budget balance. The first mechanism is a two-sided generalization of the polyhedral clinching auction by Goel et al. for one-sided markets. The second mechanism is a reduce-to-recover algorithm that reduces the market to be one-sided, applies the polyhedral clinching auction by Goel et al., and lifts the resulting allocation to the original two-sided market via the polymatroidal network flow. Both mechanisms are implemented by polymatroid algorithms. We demonstrate how our framework is applied to the Internet display advertisement auctions.

Improving the methodology for assessing the sustainable development of municipalities

The purpose of the article is to assess the level of sustainable development of municipalities and improve the assessment methodology by taking into account the budget sustainability index. The paper defines the concept of sustainable development of a municipality as a process of managing the ecologio-socio-economic system of a municipality that ensure the integral stability of the structure, elements and their connections. The current state of the urban districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in dynamics in the period from 2015 to 2019 is analysed, the level of sustainability of municipal districts is assessed according to indicators of economic, environmental and social subsystems. The assessment methodology is supplemented by the following indicators of the budget subsystem: overall budget stability; budget deficit/surplus; total solvency; the ratio of accounts payable and local budget expenditures; the ratio of municipal debt and revenue; the level of budget balance.

Impact of Climate Change on Budget Balance: Implications for Fiscal Policy in the ECOWAS Region

The budget deficits of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have been widening over the years. This study investigated the impact of climate change on budget balance and projected its implication for fiscal policy in ECOWAS countries. The two-step dynamic GMM method was applied for a balanced panel data of 14 countries from 2008 to 2018. The study found that rainfall is the only climate variable that increases budget deficits. Other macroeconomic variables: debt to GDP ratio and inflation were also responsible for the widening budget deficits. A major policy implication of this finding is that extreme and unpredictable rainfalls will distort the fiscal balance of ECOWAS countries by either reducing the revenue generation outlets or by raising expenditures. This will lead to more borrowing that will further widen the existing budget deficits through debt servicing, hence, making the respective governments to pay less attention on other sectors of the economy. Thus, ECOWAS countries need to expand their revenue generation sources either by creating an enabling environment for more businesses and investments to strive or by engaging in more foreign direct investment (FDI).