Monthly prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico

Objective: Estimate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from April to June 2020. Methods: Repeated cross-sections design based in the ENCOVID-19 – a series of monthly mobile surveys with representative samples of Mexico (N= 833- 1,674). The questionnaire includes the GAD-2 scale, and, in July, the GAD-7 scale was added; we examined its internal validity with confirmatory factor analysis and its concurrent validity with sociodemographic variables. Using GAD-7 as criterion, we analyzed the predictive validity of the GAD-2. We estimated the monthly prevalence with the GAD-2. Results: The GAD-7 and the GAD-2 are reliable and valid. The GAD-2 has a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.90. The monthly prevalence remains high and stable, between 30.7 and 32.6%. GAD concentrated in women, unemployed and persons with low socioeconomic status. Conclusions: GAD is a public health problem that worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de ansiedad generalizada (GAD) entre abril y junio de 2020. Material y Métodos: Diseño transversal repetido basado en la ENCOVID-19 –serie de encuestas telefónicas mensuales con muestras representativas de México (N= 833- 1,674). El cuestionario incluye la escala GAD-2 y en julio se añadió la GAD-7; se examinó su validez interna con análisis factorial confirmatorio y su validez concurrente con variables sociodemográficas. Con la GAD-7 como criterio, se calculó la validez predictiva de la GAD-2. Se estimó la prevalencia mensual con la GAD-2. Resultados: La GAD-7 y la GAD-2 son confiables y válidas. La GAD-2 tiene una sensibilidad de 0.87 y una especificidad de 0.90. La prevalencia mensual se mantuvo alta y estable, entre 30.7 y 32.6%. El GAD se concentró en mujeres, personas desocupadas y de bajo nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: El GAD es un problema de salud pública que se agravó con la pandemia por COVID-19.

Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on mental well-being in Bangladeshi adults: Patterns, Explanations, and future directions

Objective We aim to evaluate the immediate impacts of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on the mental well-being of Bangladeshi adults. We recruited 1404 healthy adults following the Bangladesh government's lockdown announcement. A questionnaire comprising the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale was used to define mental health. Results The overall mean score for well-being was 42.4, indicating that 51.9% of adults suffered from poor mental health. And within that 48% of males and 57% of females were depressed. The mean scores for government workers, unemployed workers, and business employees were 45.1, 39.6, and 39.5, respectively. Confounding adjustments in multivariable linear regression models revealed that married women, unemployed and business communities, and individuals returning to villages were heavily depressed. Stay-at-home orders had significant repercussions on mental health and created a gender disparity in depression among adults. Suggestions include promoting mental health for women, unemployed, and business individuals. Married women need to be taken into special consideration as their mental well-being is worse. Older people (50 years of age and over) reported a high day-to-day variation in their mental health. These results should be factored in when discussing the mental health of adults and communities to cope with quarantine.

Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on mental well-being in Bangladeshi adult population: Patterns, Explanations, and future directions

Objective: We aim to evaluate the immediate impacts of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on the mental well-being of Bangladeshi adults. We recruited 1404 healthy adults following the Bangladesh government's lockdown announcement. A questionnaire comprising the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale was used to define mental health. Results: The overall mean score for well-being was 42.4, indicating that 51.9% of adults suffered from poor mental health. And within that 48% of males and 57% of females were depressed. The mean scores for government workers, unemployed workers, and business employees were 45.1, 39.6, and 39.5, respectively. Confounding adjustments in multivariable linear regression models revealed that married women, unemployed and business communities, and individuals returning to villages were heavily depressed. Stay-at-home orders had significant repercussions on mental health and created a gender disparity in depression among adults. Suggestions include promoting mental health for women, unemployed, and business individuals. Married women need to be taken into special consideration as their mental well-being is worse. Older people (50 years of age and over) reported a high day-to-day variation in their mental health. These results should be factored in when discussing the mental health of adults and communities to cope with quarantine.

Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on mental well-being in Bangladeshi adult population: Patterns, Explanations, and future directions

Objective: We aim to evaluate the immediate impacts of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on the mental well-being of Bangladeshi adults. We recruited 1404 healthy adults following the Bangladesh government's lockdown announcement. A questionnaire comprising the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale was used to define mental health.Results: The overall mean score for well-being was 42.4, indicating that 51.9% of adults suffered from poor mental health. And within that 48% of males and 57% of females were depressed. The mean scores for government workers, unemployed workers, and business employees were 45.1, 39.6, and 39.5, respectively. Confounding adjustments in multivariable linear regression models revealed that married women, unemployed and business communities, and individuals returning to villages were heavily depressed. Stay-at-home orders had significant repercussions on mental health and created a gender disparity in depression among adults. Suggestions include promoting mental health for women, unemployed, and business individuals. Married women need to be taken into special consideration as their mental well-being is worse. Older people (50 years of age and over) reported a high day-to-day variation in their mental health. These results should be factored in when discussing the mental health of adults and communities to cope with quarantine.

Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on mental well-being in Bangladeshi adult population: Patterns, Explanations, and future directions

Objective We aim to evaluate the immediate impacts of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on the mental well-being of Bangladeshi adults. We recruited 1404 healthy adults following the Bangladesh government's lockdown announcement. A questionnaire comprising the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale was used to define mental health. Results The overall mean score for well-being was 42.4, indicating that 51.9% of adults suffered from poor mental health. And within that 48% of males and 57% of females were depressed. The mean scores for government workers, unemployed workers, and business employees were 45.1, 39.6, and 39.5, respectively. Confounding adjustments in multivariable linear regression models revealed that married women, unemployed and business communities, and individuals returning to villages were heavily depressed. Stay-at-home orders had significant repercussions on mental health and created a gender disparity in depression among adults. Suggestions include promoting mental health for women, unemployed, and business individuals. Married women need to be taken into special consideration as their mental well-being is worse. Older people (50 years of age and over) reported a high day-to-day variation in their mental health. These results should be factored in when discussing the mental health of adults and communities to cope with quarantine.

The attitude of patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus towards having the disease

Aim. To analyze the types of attitude towards disease, their relationships to its course in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Subjects and methods. 418 patients with DM, including 318 with type 2 DM (T2DM) and 100 with Type 1 (T1DM), were examined. Clinical and laboratory examinations were performed; the types of attitude towards the disease were studied. Results. The patients with T2DM were more frequently found to have anxious (12.9%) and hypochondriacal (10.7%) types of attitude towards the disease; those with T1DM had euphoric types. The paranoiac type of disease attitude, which was characterized by the presence of peculiar notions about the disease, was detected in 15.1% of the patients with T2DM and in 13% of those with T1DM. Hypernosognosia (overreaction to disease) was more often identified in T2DM (62.3% versus 39% in T1DM (χ2; p < 0.001). In the T2DM group, hypernosognosia was more frequently seen in women, unemployed persons, and obese patients. With the comparable awareness about the disease and degree of self-control, the patients with T2DM with no signs of hypernosognosia had a lower glycated hemoglobin level [7.35 (6.6; 8.6)%] than those with hypernosognosia [7.9 (7; 9.4)%] (p = 0.024). Conclusion. The revealed peculiarities of attitude towards the disease in patients with DM justify the need for increased attention to their psychological characteristics. The situation could be improved if the physicians are be informed, the time of outpatient care is prolonged, and psychotherapists and/or clinical psychologists are widely involved in the management of diabetic patients.

Female Unemployment and Attempted Suicide

Unemployment became more common among females attempting suicide in Oxford between 1976 and 1985, although the rise was less than expected from the increased general-population female unemployment rate. Rates of attempted suicide among unemployed women between 1979 and 1982 were 7.5–10.9 times higher than those of employed women, and were particularly high in women unemployed for more than a year. Many more unemployed than employed women attempting suicide had a history of psychiatric difficulties, were suffering from alcoholism, and made repeat attempts. Two possible explanations are: firstly, the secondary consequences of unemployment increase the risk of suicidal behaviour; and, secondly, women already predisposed to psychiatric difficulties and hence attempted suicide are more likely to become unemployed.