A practitioners approach to individual claims models for bodily injury claims in german non-life insurance

The aim of our paper is to discuss the difficulties non-life actuaries are currently facing from a practical point of view. Based on this, we show that individual claims models are the key to address these difficulties and discuss how such models give actuaries a new and very powerful tool to explore further fields of application. Moreover, we address a very essential question: What data is needed for developing individual claims models? For bodily injury claims in German motor liability insurance, we shall derive specific attributes based on a detailed discussion of the legal background. All our ideas are based on practical experience for a large German motor insurance portfolio.

Criminological characterisation of violent crimes involving firearms, committed against life and well-being of people

Efficiency of crime preventive measures directly depends on the awareness of law enforcement agents about the object of preventive influence. It is especially important to consider this circumstance in relation to violent infringements. Therefore, knowledge concerning the criminological profile of crimes against life and well-being of people that are committed with firearms, under severe criminogenic conditions in the country, has a special value. As of today, the category “criminological charasteristic of criminality” is yet to receive it’s solid value. Typically, this term consists of descriptions of distinctive features of criminality as a phenomenon, which is composed via analysis of it’s quantitative and qualitative indicators, namely: total amount of offences and perpetrators, coefficient of criminality (coefficients of crime intensity and crime activity), crime dynamics, crime structure, geography of crime and price of crime. In this research a universally recognized model of criminological characteristic was used, which involves such indicators: crime level, crime coefficient, crime dynamics, crime structure, geography of crime, price of crime and level of latency. The purpose of this article is to determine the current state and tendencies of crimes against life and well-being of people involving firearms use in Ukraine. The challenge of this article is to provide a criminological characteristic of this phenomenon under modern conditions. Research results have established a general pattern of lowering levels of certain crimes, qualified by the following articles of Criminal Code of Ukraine: 115 “Homicide”, 116 “Murder commited in the heat of passion”, 118 “Murder in excess of necessary defense or in excess of measures necessary to apprehend an offender”, 119 “Negligent homicide”, 121 “Intended grievous bodily injury”, 122 “Intended bodily injury of medium gravity”, 123 “Intended grievous bodily injury inflicted in the heat of passion”, 124 “Intended grievous bodily injury inflicted in excess of necessary defense or in excess of measures necessary to apprehend an offender”, 125 “Intended minor bodily injury”, 128 “Negligent grievous bodily injury or negligent bodily injury of medium gravity”, 129 “Death threat”

The Pandemic and Criminal Law – A Look at Theory and Practice in Germany

This article provides an overview of the topic of the pandemic from the perspective of criminal law theory and practice in Germany. First of all, the major criminal offences of bodily injury and murder are discussed in the context of infecting a person with the Coronavirus and the (possible) consequences of having Covid-19, such as risk of death. The dilemmatic situation of triage, i.e., allocating limited intensive care resources, is illustrated in relation to the same offences. Then, the more specific crimes that came to the fore in the course of the pandemic are addressed. Subsidy fraud due to the state aids intended to compensate for the financial damage in the marketplace because of pandemic-related measures, and issuance or use of incorrect health certificates for exemption from the obligation to wear a face mask fall within this scope. Finally, the administrative offences law of the German Infection Protection Act was discussed, primarily with regard to regulations that violate the principle of legal certainty.

Case of victim torture in forensic expert practice

The article contains a case of causing violent acts, namely torture, which corresponds to the section «Physical evidence of torture» of the «Istanbul Protocol». The morphological manifestations of bodily injuries are given, which are sufficiently informative for their further assessment by law enforcement agencies as manifestations of torture and torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Aim of the work. Forensic medical characteristics of morphological manifestations of bodily injury as manifestations of torture and torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Material and methods. The material of the research was the archival data of the Luhansk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination. Well-known forensic and statistical research methods were used. Results. During the forensic examination of the corpse of gr. There were at least 100 injuries in the form of numerous bruises, bruises, wounds, a strangulation furrow on the neck, and changes in the anus. Conclusion. Revealed during the forensic medical examination of the corpse of gr. M. at least 100 bodily injuries in the form of numerous abrasions, bruises, wounds, a strangulation groove on the neck and changes in the anus were identified by law enforcement agencies as manifestations of torture and torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in accordance with the section «Physical evidence torture» of the «Istanbul Protocol».

Rehabilitative Architecture: Inflluences on Bodily Injury

<p>New Zealand has elite athletes of a very high level ranging from world champions in athletics, rowing, and cycling to highly competitive rugby, football, and netball teams. Physical injury is a common threat within all sports and it is found that New Zealand does not provide an adequate rehabilitation facility to deal with such bodily injury. In this context, this research proposes to test the idea that architecture may positively influence the recovery from injury. This research explores the psychology of healing and the notion of control over environment. Furthermore, the rehabilitation of building will be examined to discover the positive links between body and building in the domain of healing environments. Alternative healing facilities will be studied in contrast to traditional health providers. Design will play a major role, testing theoretical and observational outcomes. The intimate relationship between the body and its environment will be considered as an essential element in the definition of rehabilitative architecture.</p>

Rehabilitative Architecture: Inflluences on Bodily Injury

<p>New Zealand has elite athletes of a very high level ranging from world champions in athletics, rowing, and cycling to highly competitive rugby, football, and netball teams. Physical injury is a common threat within all sports and it is found that New Zealand does not provide an adequate rehabilitation facility to deal with such bodily injury. In this context, this research proposes to test the idea that architecture may positively influence the recovery from injury. This research explores the psychology of healing and the notion of control over environment. Furthermore, the rehabilitation of building will be examined to discover the positive links between body and building in the domain of healing environments. Alternative healing facilities will be studied in contrast to traditional health providers. Design will play a major role, testing theoretical and observational outcomes. The intimate relationship between the body and its environment will be considered as an essential element in the definition of rehabilitative architecture.</p>

Still Lagging Behind: Diagnosing Judicial Approaches to ‘Bodily Injury’ Claims for Psychiatric Injury under the Montreal Convention of 1999

International civil aviation is today a mature global industry, without which the modern world is unimaginable. That modern world increasingly recognises, in view of advancing medical science, that the dualist distinction between body and mind is artificial. Yet recent judicial interpretation of the term ‘bodily injury’ in the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (‘Montreal’) of 1999 has revalidated this distinction by denying compensation for psychiatric injury in the field of international civil aviation. This article challenges that interpretation by explaining the physical nature of psychiatric injury with reference to medical literature and neuroimaging technologies. It argues that the ordinary meaning of ‘bodily injury’ across Montreal’s authentic texts encompasses psychiatric injury, supporting this construction by examining both Montreal’s travaux préparatoires and its parties’ municipal jurisprudence. After briefly addressing policy concerns, it concludes that national courts may permit recovery for pure psychiatric injury under Montreal.

Necessity (Darurah) and Forgetfulness (Nisyan)

The rules of shariah make exceptions for cases of necessity when, for instance, one has to take forbidden food in order to save one’s life. But necessity (darurah) has its own set of rules, which this chapter addresses in detail. Briefly, darurah is defined as a situation that entails fear for loss of one’s life, affliction with grave bodily injury, or loss of property and honor with a degree of certainty that arises from one’s knowledge of the situation such that it leaves the victim with no choice for an alternative. The same analysis applies to forgetfulness (nisyan), which is when someone takes forbidden stuff by mistake or due to ignorance. In such a case, the person is exonerated by shariah.