Business Correspondence: Main Rules and the Specifics of Translation

The article discusses the issue of business correspondence, its rules and etiquette, which is highly important in modern world as a great number or e-mails and business letters are sent and received every day throughout the world. So, the ability to correspond in business sphere is a crucial skill for the employees of multinational companies as well as for those who communicate internationally in different fields. It also concerns the cross-cultural aspect of organizing and translating business letters taking into consideration the key role of international communication due to the growing globalization of our society, and a lot of attention is paid to the national differences and peculiarities we may face while establishing contacts with foreign colleagues and partners. It analyses numerous studies and articles written by linguists, interpreters as well as by business coaches who, basing on their research and experience give advice and suggest solutions to different challenges we may face in this sphere. The article focuses on the different issues, such as the language and style, the structure and layout, the peculiarities and difficulties of translation, the things which should be avoided and are inappropriate in business letters. A lot of advice with numerous examples are given in order to avoid misinterpreting when it comes to cross-culture communication as well as embarrassing mistakes and those mistakes, which may have serious professional consequences. The article focuses six different problematic areas in business letter translation. These include: lexical-semantic problems; grammar; syntax; rhetoric; and pragmatic and cultural problems. The information must be interesting and useful for those who deals with business communication on international level as well as career coaches and business consultants in order to provide them with advice appropriately and help to improve and systemize necessary knowledge and skills to handle business correspondence successfully.

„ОБЩ ЯЗИК С ВИРАЖЕНИЕ НАРОДНО“. ЕЗИКОВИТЕ НОРМИ В ПРЕВОДА НА А. ГРАНИТСКИ „ЗА ТРЪГОВСКО ПИСМОПИСАНЇЕ“, 1858 Г. (С ОГЛЕД НА СЪЩЕСТВИТЕЛНИТЕ ИМЕНА) / ОБЩ ЯЗИК С ВИРАЖЕНИЕ НАРОДНО. THE LANGUAGE NORMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF A. GRANITSKI’S ЗА ТРЪГОВСКО ПИСМОПИСАНЇЕ (ON COMMERCIAL LETTER WRITING), 1858

he article presents the results of a study on the contribution of Anastas Granitski, one of the most active translators of popular and widely read literary works, to building the structural basis and spelling and language norms of the Bulgarian literary language of the Revival period. The subject of observation is a part of the translation of the 1858 Тръговско рѫководство (Commercial Guidebook) titled За тръговско писмописанїе (On Commercial Letter Writing), a practical guide for keeping business correspondence. The author analyses nouns with respect to the categories of gender, number, case and definiteness/indefiniteness. The study of the forms helps to identify the original works the translator complied with: the grammars by Neofit Rilski (1835) and Ivan Bogorov (1844). Keywords: Bulgarian Revival, modern Bulgarian literary language, linguistic and spelling norms, nouns

Communicative interaction of addressant and addressee in the german business correspondence

This article analyzes the speech behavior of participants in business communication in German business correspondence, determines the linguistic component of interaction in the mode of polite business communication, considers communicative tactics for implementing the addressee’s intentions, establishes extralinguistic factors that influence the choice of certain communication tactics. Taking into account the specifics of business communication, the customer and the contractor are considered as participants in business communication, who, depending on the situation, can change their roles. As a result of the study of documentary materials on the basis of two types of business communication texts − commercial proposals and reclamations − specific markers of the influence of communicants for the implementation of their communicative intentions were identified. The conducted linguopragmatic analysis made it possible to identify the conditions for maintaining the mode of politeness in the process of communication between the parties to ensure successful communication, as well as to establish potential transformations of the mode of politeness into a mode of conflicting speech behavior, leading to a violation of the positive image of the interlocutor. As a result of the study, it was found that the contractor bears more communication expenditures than the customer, in accordance with the specifics of the relationship, due to the different social roles of the participants in business communication.

On the 115th anniversary of the elections to the State Duma of the 1st convocation in Kostroma Province (based on the materials of Kostroma newspapers)

The article is devoted to the little-studied problem of elections to the First State Duma of the Russian Empire in Kostroma Province, as well as the attitude of different strata, classes and estates to the elections and activities of deputies. As sources, the documents of the funds of the State Archive of Kostroma Region (GAKO), in particular, the materials of the local newspapers “Kostroma Speechˮ and “Herald of Povolzhyeˮ are used. An attempt is made to reveal to what extent the institution of Russian parliamentarism was rooted in the Province, to what extent the elected deputies expressed the interests of voters of different classes. The extensive factual material covers the organisation of elections, the course of elections in different counties, as well as conflicts and violations during the conduct of elections. Rich material is also provided by memoirs, business correspondence of officials and other documents. The authors come to the conclusion that Kostroma newspapers of that time covered the above issues in great detail and meaningfully, that in the conditions of the emerging multiparty system, the political and legal culture of the Province grew, as well as the interest of representatives of different classes in solving the most important problems of the then Russian reality.

The influence of modern marketing techniques on the stylistic and grammar representation of business and advertising utterances in English and their translation into Ukrainian

This study examines how modern marketing technologies affect the lexical and syntactic presentation of the business and advertising utterances that are client-oriented and their translation into Ukrainian. In particular, it describes how such psychological concept as "You-attidude" determinates the lexical, grammatical and syntactic structure of statements used in the business style of communication. The analysis of speech structures, which function in various English-language messages of advertising, business sphere and business correspondence, are analysed from the point of view of their lexical content, syntactic structure and style,the translation of these statements into Ukrainian has been presented.

A Finding Aid For The Models' Guild of Philadelphia Collection

The following is a professional practice project which focuses on the research, methodology, and development of a finding aid for the Models' Guild of Philadelphia Collection, which currently resides in the Richard and Ronay Menschel Library at George Eastman House as part of the Dr. Louis Walton Sipley collection which was donated by 3M in 1977. The contents of this collection include business correspondence documents, ephemera, photographs, and other material dating from 1946 to approximately 1963. This project was undertaken with the goal of organizing, and inventorying the collections that it would be more accessible to researchers within the Library at George Eastman House.

A Finding Aid For The Models' Guild of Philadelphia Collection

The following is a professional practice project which focuses on the research, methodology, and development of a finding aid for the Models' Guild of Philadelphia Collection, which currently resides in the Richard and Ronay Menschel Library at George Eastman House as part of the Dr. Louis Walton Sipley collection which was donated by 3M in 1977. The contents of this collection include business correspondence documents, ephemera, photographs, and other material dating from 1946 to approximately 1963. This project was undertaken with the goal of organizing, and inventorying the collections that it would be more accessible to researchers within the Library at George Eastman House.

SOME PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF COMPOSITE SENTENCES (ON THE MATERIAL OF BUSINESS COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN ENGLISH AND IN RUSSIAN)

The present article considers some of the peculiarities of translation of complex and compound sentences used in business correspondence in English and in Russian. Translation of these utterances demands taking into account all the variety of information expressed by them as well as their pragmatic and stylistic peculiarities. Different translation transformations are used to perform adequate translation, such as: rearrangements, replacements, additions, omissions. In some cases, there may be loss and change of ethical information, but with mandatory preservation of the transmitted cognitive-evaluative and important pragmatic information, the general communicative-informational structure of the statement. Subject to the general stylistic norms of the source and translating languages that are characteristic of written business communication, differences are also observed between them, manifested in greater conciseness, categoricalness, realism, and assertiveness of the statements in Russian. The transformations made allow us to explicate “emotional psychological nuances” that give greater credibility to the assessment of the situation and emphasize the understanding by the addressee (one of the partners) of the significance of one or another fact.

Secure Data Sharing In Agriculture Using Blockchain Technology

The utilization of information and data turns out to be progressively urgent for the farming area to improve profitability and manageability. Data and Communication Technology (ICT) significantly builds the viability and effectiveness of gathering, putting away, investigating and utilizing information in agribusiness. It permits agrarian experts and cultivating networks to handily acquire update-to-date data and accordingly settle on better choices in their every day cultivating. The proposed blockchain based horticulture web application assist ranchers with guaranteeing more prominent benefit through direct rancher to client correspondence. This application chips away at the premise of blockchain innovation, to stay away from the change information during transmission. This assistance helps business correspondence and acquires straightforwardness the framework. The horticultural data framework gives its clients to get data about, cultivating items and so forth Squares of time-stepped item subtleties are put away on all frameworks across a worth chain. The blockchain innovation can comply with the provenance of meals and alongside those traces makes dependable horticulture item deliver chains and assemble believe amongst ranchers and shoppers. As a confided in approach of setting away records, it really works with the usage of records pushed improvements to make cultivating extra intelligent