The Life of a Foreign Traveler in Russia According to Johann Arnold Brand’s Dictionary-Phrasebook, 1673

The article provides for an overview of foreigners’ encounter with the Russian language in the 16th — early 18th centuries; it analyzes, for this purpose, the German-Russian dictionary-phrasebook from the diary “Journey through Brandenburg, Prussia, Courland, Livonia, Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, Tver and Moscow” by Johann Arnold Brand. The phrasebook “Some Muscovite words and expressions that may be useful to travelers”, compiled by Brand on the way from Pskov to Moscow, contains the names of body parts, clothing, household accessories, dishes and drinks, food products, interior items, transport, utensils, writing tools in Russian transliteration with the translation into German. It also includes ready-made speech structures for communicating with fellow travelers, coachmen, owners and staff of the inns, for disposing of servants and property. The analysis of the phrasebook made it possible to recreate the everyday realities of the life of the Brandenburg Embassy on the road, and situations of lexical exchange. The authors provide a commented version of the literal reading of words and expressions in Russian. The independent study of the local language in Russia by foreign travelers was the most effective way to overcome the communication barrier and improve living conditions when traveling to the borderlands. The source under study may be of interest to both historians of the frontier and specialists in material culture and linguistics.

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE MULTIFACTORIAL CHARACTER OF VOICE CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PROBLEMS OF SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION

When testing the most advanced speaker identification systems on specialized databases, their minimum efficiency, estimated by the error probability at the point of intersection of the error curves, is only a few percent. However, many factors are known that affect the variability of the characteristics of the speaker's voice, each of which has its own, different from the others, influence on the results of the speaker's identification by the characteristics of the voice. The complexity of creating and testing speaker identification systems is the need to quantitatively formalize a number of specific factors that affect the characteristics of his voice. The article discusses the proposed method for accounting for a variety of factors affecting the parameters of the characteristics of the speaker's voice, which provides the fundamental possibility of indirectly accounting for their practically unlimited number. According to this method, «atomic» structures are distinguished from speech signals, which depend on the totality of the main factors that affect the speaker's identification process. With this method, all significant factors affecting the characteristics of the voice will be indirectly taken into account at the level of these structures. Subsequent decisions are made on the combinatorial set of a huge number of these «atomic» structures. «Atomic» speech structures are understood as the spectra of any fragments of any vowel sounds allocated in a time window of 20 ms. «Atomic» structures are selected automatically. The proposed method provides a rational consideration of the multifactorial influence of various parameters, since the spectra of these structures are influenced by all the main factors that characterize the individuality of the voice of a particular speaker. The decision on the identity of the voices of the announcers recorded on different phonograms is carried out on the basis of combinatorics of «atomic» spectra of vowel sounds in both phonograms. The method has shown high efficiency in the examination of phonograms of short duration.

Extending Ultrasound Tongue Shape Complexity Measures to Speech Development and Disorders

Purpose Generalizations can be made about the order in which speech sounds are added to a child's phonemic inventory and the ways that child speech deviates from adult targets in a given language. Developmental and disordered speech patterns are presumed to reflect differences in both phonological knowledge and skilled motor control, but the relative contribution of motor control remains unknown. The ability to differentially control anterior versus posterior regions of the tongue increases with age, and thus, complexity of tongue shapes is believed to reflect an individual's capacity for skilled motor control of speech structures. Method The current study explored the relationship between tongue complexity and phonemic development in children (ages 4–6 years) with and without speech sound disorder producing various phonemes. Using established metrics of tongue complexity derived from ultrasound images, we tested whether tongue complexity incrementally increased with age in typical development, whether tongue complexity differed between children with and without speech sound disorder, and whether tongue complexity differed based on perceptually rated accuracy (correct vs. incorrect) for late-developing phonemes in both diagnostic groups. Results Contrary to hypothesis, age was not significantly associated with tongue complexity in our typical child sample, with the exception of one association between age and complexity of /t/ for one measure. Phoneme was a significant predictor of tongue complexity, and typically developing children had more complex tongue shapes for /ɹ/ than children with speech sound disorder. Those /ɹ/ tokens that were rated as perceptually correct had higher tongue complexity than the incorrect tokens, independent of diagnostic classification. Conclusions Quantification of tongue complexity can provide a window into articulatory patterns characterizing children's speech development, including differences that are perceptually covert. With the increasing availability of ultrasound imaging, these measures could help identify individuals with a prominent motor component to their speech sound disorder and could help match those individuals with a corresponding motor-based treatment approach. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14880039

THE PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING DIALOGICAL SPEECH IN GERMAN

Рассматривается диалогическая речевая деятельность студентов неязыковых факультетов вуза с позиции когнитивно-коммуникативного подхода. Анализируются продуктивные и рецептивные виды речевой деятельности и их роль в освоении языкового материала. Рассмотрены эффективные принципы организации диалога, а именно: учет общего фонда знаний участников диалогического пространства; комбинация заученного и спонтанного речевого компонента; отработка и запоминание определенных речевых структур; роль преподавателя как модератора диалогического общения; вопросно-ответное диалогическое единство; коммуникативные принципы информативности, достаточности и рациональности. На конкретных примерах показано, каким образом коммуникативные принципы позволяют преподавателю наблюдать за учебным процессом, управлять и контролировать диалогическую речь участников коммуникации. The article examines the dialogical speech activity of non-linguistic students of the university from the cognitive-communicative approach standpoint. Productive and receptive types of speech activity and their role in the development of language material are analyzed. The effective principles of organizing the dialogue are considered, namely: considering the general fund of knowledge of the participants in the dialogue area; a combination of a learned and spontaneous speech component; working out and memorizing certain speech structures; the teacher’s role as a moderator of dialogical communication; question-and-answer dialogical unity; communicative principles of information content, sufficiency and rationality. Specific examples show how the communicative principles allow the teacher to observe the educational process, manage and control the dialogical speech of the participants in the communication.

The influence of modern marketing techniques on the stylistic and grammar representation of business and advertising utterances in English and their translation into Ukrainian

This study examines how modern marketing technologies affect the lexical and syntactic presentation of the business and advertising utterances that are client-oriented and their translation into Ukrainian. In particular, it describes how such psychological concept as "You-attidude" determinates the lexical, grammatical and syntactic structure of statements used in the business style of communication. The analysis of speech structures, which function in various English-language messages of advertising, business sphere and business correspondence, are analysed from the point of view of their lexical content, syntactic structure and style,the translation of these statements into Ukrainian has been presented.

A Survey on “Text-to-Speech Systems for Real-Time Audio Synthesis”

Text to Speech (TTS) is a form of speech synthesis wherein the text is converted right into a spoken human-like voice output. The state of the art strategies for TTS employs a neural network based totally method. This paintings pursuits to take a look at a number of the problems and barriers gift inside the contemporary works, especially Tacotron-2, and attempts to in addition enhance its performance by means of editing its structure. till now many papers were published on these topics that display various exceptional TTS structures by means of developing new TTS products. The aim is to have a look at different textual content-to-Speech structures. in comparison to different text-to-Speech systems, Tacotron2 has multiple blessings. In opportunity algorithms like CNN, speedy-CNN the algorithmic program may not investigate the photo fully however in YOLO the algorithmic application check out the picture absolutely by predicting the bounding boxes through using convolutional network and possibilities for those packing containers and detects the image faster in comparison to alternative algorithms.

Forms, Meanings and Categories of Language and Speech Structures

Review of the monograph: Koshevaya I.G. Text-Forming structures of Language and speech. Moscow, 2018. 184 p. (in Russ.). The reviewed monograph reflects the results of a multifaceted study of text-forming language and speech structures. It presents a multi-level analysis of categories of communicative and systemic grammar, focuses on the problem of text formation and its structural and semantic organization, dwells on text characteristics and components, as well as on the speech situation and speech complex. Moreover, the book demonstrates an extraordinary approach to studying texts and exploring their elements, as well as an in-depth understanding of underlying text structures.

REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH BY I. G. KOSHEVAYA «TEXT-FORMING STRUCTURES OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH»

The review highly appreciates the monograph by I. G. Koshevaya “Text-forming structures of language and speech” examining the issues of form, meaning and categories that characterize linguistic and speech structures. The major focus is made on the structure of the speech complex and its boundaries. The book also touches upon related issues that receive an extraordinary interpretation including a) the similarity and difference between linguistic and speech structures, b) constants and transitors, c) nominativeness, predicativeness and limiting, d) position - sentence - speech complex, e) recurrent centers, e) plot perspective. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of functional dependencies in the context of various types of text segments. The originality of interpretations, relevance, novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work make it possible to use it not only for scientific, but also for linguistic and pragmatic purposes.

Difficult Points of Chess Metaphor in the Theoretical Questions of Language and Mind

This review article reveals the structural components of the chess metaphor, which represent in an unusual perspective the properties of a linguistic sign and its connection with mental processes. Strict rule-following and the conventionality of the material plane of expression turn chess into a convenient illustration of a universal linguistic structure. Particular attention is paid to the computer profile of the chess metaphor, since it reflects a whole complex of philosophical problems of computer science about mind, thinking and intelligence. In the proposed paper, the presentation of most of the material is based on the works of F. de Saussure, L. Hjelmslev, L. Wittgenstein and their interpreters, in whose texts an obvious important place is occupied by chess analogies and theoretical conclusions initiated by them. First we investigate chess metaphor in the context of language and speech structures. Next, we analyze the "chess track" in the problem of individual language and the rule-following problem. The final part is devoted to the technical elements of computer chess and the influence of this area of computer science on some of the points of cognitive theories of language and mind. The author of the article emphasizes a nontrivial transformation of the conceptual content of the chess metaphor, which indicates the evolution of computational tendencies in modern theories about language and mind. The article substantiates the thesis that the traditional chess metaphor used in the XX century in the philosophical investigation of language and mind, today it takes on a realization in the framework of computer models of the chess game. Machine deep learning can significantly expand the horizon of computability. Game interaction makes it possible to ascribe the elements of intentional content to machine functions. Nevertheless, all the argumentation in the work is aimed at proving that the rules governing language and mind are rules different from the rules of computer intelligence.

LINGUOACOUSTIC RESOURCES IN OBJECT-ORIENTED DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT

This article is devoted to the study of linguoacoustic resources, which are presented in an object-oriented dynamic environment as ready-to-use phrases. The systematization of linguoacoustic resources in the form of a phrasebook in an object-oriented dynamic environment determines the direction of a person in the study of a foreign language at a conscious level and supports this process with the standard of correct speech behavior, for which the acoustic component is primary. The formation of mental actions in an object-oriented dynamic environment occurs gradually due to the fragmentation of linguoacoustic material into doses, followed by assignment with immediate feedback. The presence of audiovisual components that serve as a guideline instead of rules-instructions, speaks of the acquiring of a foreign language at the functional level, which begins with obtaining a standard of speech behavior. The situation, which is given in the audiovisual presentation, contains everything that the linguistic unit contains, so that the learners acting as the characters depicted in the example have no doubts about what kind of speech action they should perform. As a result, the ability to perceive, understand and recognize speech structures in the given communication conditions is formed. In this way, the student becomes proficient due to a system, for which it is necessary not the rote learning, but the meaningful memorizing of learning material.