Integrated approach for the management of white grub and collar rot in groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.) in South West Haryana

Field experiments were conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari), Haryana during Kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012. Fifteen treatments including three insecticides, one fungicide, three antagonists, one amendment and one neem formulation were evaluated in sole and combination treatments as seed dresser whereas chlorpyriphos 20 EC and poultry manure were incorporated in soil to find out effective combination for control of collar rot and white grub of groundnut. Minimum disease incidence 0.3 and 0.7 per cent and white grub infestation 1.2 and 1.5 per cent was recorded during 2011 and 2012 with seed treatment of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 25 ml/kg seed + PM 4 @ 10 ml/kg seed + captan 3g/kg seed followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 7 ml/kg seed and chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 25 ml /kg seed + Bacillus thuriengensis@ 10 ml/ kg seed + captan 3 g/kg seed. The yield was significantly (at 5% level) low (7.10 q/ha during 2011 and 6.8 q/ha during 2012) in control as compared to chlorpyriphos 20 EC + PM-4 + captan treatment (20.20 q/ha during 2011 and 19.80 q/ha during 2012) which ranked at first place. The seed treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL 7 ml /kg seed also produced good yield in both the years and was rated as second best treatment followed by chlorpyriphos + Bacillus thurengiensis+ captan. The results obtained herein provide the foundation for an effective and sustainable programme of management for groundnut white grub and collar rot. Integrated approach having chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 25 ml/ kg seed, Pseudomonas maltophilia(PM4) @ 10 ml/kg seed and captan 3 g/kg seed was found to be most effective for control of collar rot and white grub infestation in ground nut.

Microbiota aislada del pepino de mar (Isostichopus badionotus) nativo de la Bahía de Taganga, Caribe colombiano

Se identificaron las comunidades bacterianas y fúngicas asociadas a la piel y al tracto digestivo de Isostichopus badionotus, con el objetivo de evaluar las posibles relaciones antagónicas entre éstas. Para tal fin, se realizaron frotis superficiales a nivel de la epidermis y el tracto digestivo, los cuales se sembraron en medios de cultivo específicos para bacterias y hongos. La identificación de los microorganismos se realizó teniendo en cuenta la morfología colonial en medio de cultivos y las características microscópicas. Así mismo, a las colonias bacterianas purificadas se les aplicaron pruebas bioquímicas a través de los micrométodos BBL Crystal® para Gram negativos y Gram positivos. Los hongos fueron identificados por medio de métodos microscópicos empleando claves taxonómicas. Se analizó la actividad inhibidora de las cepas bacterianas mediante la técnica de difusión en agar con discos de sensibilidad. En total se aislaron 42 cepas bacterianas de las cuales se seleccionaron diez para su identificación taxonómica: Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, Corynebacterium aquaticum, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas maltophilia y Acinetobacter anitratus. El enfrentamiento entre estas especies bacterianas no reflejó actividad inhibitoria en el crecimiento. Se aislaron 27 cepas fúngicas de las cuales se identificaron ocho especies: Penicillium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Gliocladium sp., Cladosporium fulvum y C. herbarum. Entre las especies fúngicas se logró observar un efecto inhibitorio en las pruebas de enfrentamiento dual. Las especies identificadas pueden corresponder a la microbiota normal del pepino como también estar presente en el agua o sedimento; por esa razón se requieren estudios complementarios que confirmen los resultados obtenidos.

Competitive removal of VOCs with GAC and BAC following advanced oxidation processes

Studies have been conducted to remove trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA, TCA) as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using the combination of chemical oxidation, adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC) and biological activated carbon (BAC) with a selected microbial consortium (SMC). The purposes of this research were to investigate the competitive removal of VOCs and to develop the most optimal process by using a pilot plant composed of three GAC columns and three BAC columns. Simulated groundwater systems were used not only to examine the competitive adsorption availability for VOCs on GAC and BAC but also to examine the oxidation efficiency using O3 alone and H2O2/O3. The microbial species isolated from the soil contaminated by VOCs were Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Acinobacter calcoaceticus and Bacillus sphacricus. The results revealed that systems pre-treated by H2O2/O3 were more effective at removing VOCs than systems treated by ozone alone and non-pre-treated systems. The mixture of VOCs was removed in the order of PCE, TCE and TCA in GAC and BAC systems. Biological treatment alone was not effective at removing VOCs. However, pre-treatment of these chemicals by H2O2/O3 showed high removals. PCE and TCA were less effective than TCE at being oxidized by chemical oxidation and biodegradation.