Phthisis Pulmonalis, or pulmonary consumption.

Barker defines pulmonary consumption as a wasting disease with destruction of the lungs, explaining that the poor results of treatments by the ancients was due to medical instruction “destitute of anatomical knowledge.” He cites Thomas Reid and quotes David Ramsay, that from 1700 to 1800, thousands of dissections led to improved treatments. Barker’s experience includes his careful observations on consumption, having lost three wives and two children to the disease, when the nature of this disease was “involved in obscurity.” He knows that he had been called “an unskillful and unsuccessful practitioner in consumption,” but feels that he has learned from his own sad experience. He comments on consumption in pregnancy and parturition as well as in young females whose “customary evacuations” fail to take place, followed by a hectic fever and often death. “Exposure to evening air, in the parade of parties, and the ball room, clad in cobweb muslin, has laid the foundation for consumption in many fashionable young females, and consigned them to an untimely grave!” Phthisis pulmonalis frequently takes place in consequence of neglected pneumonia, influenza, and measles.

Characterization of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Thermal Response to Heat Ablation or Cryoablation

One of the most lethal carcinomas is pancreatic cancer. As standard treatment using chemotherapy and radiation has shown limited success, thermal regimens (cryotherapy or heat ablation) are emerging as viable alternatives. Although promising, our understanding of pancreatic cancer response to thermal ablation remains limited. In this study, we investigated the thermal responses of 2 pancreatic cancer cell lines in an effort to identify the minimum lethal temperature needed for complete cell death to provide guidance for in vivo applications. PANC-1 and BxPC-3 were frozen (−10°C to −25°C) or heated (45°C-50°C) in single and repeated exposure regimes. Posttreatment survival and recovery were analyzed using alamarBlue assay over a 7-day interval. Modes of cell death were assessed using fluorescence microscopy (calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide) and flow cytometry (YO-PRO-1/propidium iodide). Freezing to −10°C resulted in minimal cell death. Exposure to −15°C had a mild impact on PANC-1 survival (93%), whereas BxPC-3 was more severely damaged (33%). Exposure to −20°C caused a significant reduction in viability (PANC-1 = 23%; BxPC-3 = 2%) whereas −25°C yielded complete death. Double freezing exposure was more effective than single exposure. Repeat exposure to −15°C resulted in complete death of BxPC-3, whereas −20°C severely impacted PANC-1 (7%). Heating to 45°C resulted in minimum cell death. Exposure to 48°C yielded a slight increase in cell loss (PANC-1 = 85%; BxPC-3 = 98%). Exposure to 50°C caused a significant decline (PANC-1 = 70%; BxPC-3 = 9%) with continued deterioration to 0%. Double heating to 45°C resulted in similar effects observed in single exposures, whereas repeated 48°C resulted in significant increases in cell death (PANC-1 = 68%; BxPC-3 = 29%). In conclusion, we observed that pancreatic cancer cells were completely destroyed at temperatures <−25°C or >50°C using single thermal exposures. Repeated exposures resulted in increased cell death at less extreme temperatures. Our data suggest that thermal ablation strategies (heat or cryoablation) may represent a viable technique for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

ADAT DAN ADAB WARISAN MELAYU KELANTAN

AbstrakArtikel ini menghuraikan tentang adat dan adab warisan Melayu Kelantan. Ini terbahagi kepada yang masihdiamalkan dan yang sudah ditinggalkan. Contoh adab-adab yang dihuraikan termasuklah menghormatiorang tua, menuntut ilmu, bersahabat. Contoh adat-adat yang dihuraikan ialah berjiran, berziarah,perkahwinan, kelahiran dan kematian. Pendedahan generasi masa hadapan terhadap adat dan adab iniperlu dikekalkan demi menjamin kelestarian warisan melayu Kelantan. Abstract This article describes the customs and manners of the Malay heritage of Kelantan. They can be dividedinto still-practiced and abandoned. Good manners described include those of respecting for elders,knowledge seeking and friendship. The customs described are of neighborhood, visiting, marriage, birthand death. Exposure to these customs and manners for future generations should be maintained to ensurethe sustainability of the Malay heritage of Kelantan.

Attitudes Toward Dying and Death: A Comparison of Recreational Groups among Older Men

Previous research reports examining the relationship between attitudes toward dying, death, and involvement in death-related occupations have provided mixed findings as no clear pattern has been identified. Examination of the relationship between attitudes toward dying, death, and recreational activity has not received much attention. The current study examined attitudes toward dying and death of older men categorized into four groups defined by recreational activities. The groups included skydivers (high death risk), nursing home residents (high death exposure), volunteer firefighters (high death risk and high death exposure), and a control group. The analyses found that skydivers reported the least fear of death, while nursing home residents reported the highest level. In addition, skydivers and firefighters had higher death acceptance scores than nursing home residents and the control group for the confrontation dimension, whereas skydivers had higher death acceptance scores than all groups, and firefighters were more accepting of death than nursing home residents for the integration dimension.

Death Anxiety in a National Sample of United States Funeral Directors and its Relationship with Death Exposure, Age, and Sex

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of death anxiety among a national sample of United States funeral directors with varying levels of death exposure, age, and sex. Utilizing the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS), the results showed a significant, but weak negative relationship between levels of death anxiety and the participants' reported number of funerals attended per year. The correlation between death anxiety scores and the number of reported embalming cases performed yearly was, however, not significant. We found a significant negative correlation between death anxiety and age in both men and women funeral directors. The difference in the death anxiety scores between men ( n = 166) and women ( n = 38) funeral directors was not significant. There was a significant negative correlation with age in both men and women in several fears of death including fear of the dying process, fear for significant others, and fear of premature death. The significant negative correlations were stronger for women than men across all three subscales. Results, direction for further research, and implications of the findings for mental health workers are discussed.