Qualitative exploration of the dynamics of women’s dietary diversity. How much does economic empowerment matter?

Objective: This study qualitatively examined dietary diversity among married women of reproductive age who engaged in two socioeconomic activities to explore the dynamics of food availability, access, costs, and consumption. Design: Qualitative in-depth interviews. The food groups in the MDD-W were used to explore women’s dietary diversity. In-depth interviews were used to develop a roster of daily food consumption over a week. We explored food items that were considered expensive and frequency of consumption, food items that women require permission to consume, and frequency of permission sought and the role of economic empowerment. Data analysis followed an inductive-deductive approach to thematic analysis. Setting: Rural and peri-urban setting in Enugu State, Nigeria. Participants: Thirty-eight married women of reproductive age across two socioeconomic groupings (women who work only at home and those who worked outside their homes) were recruited in April 2019. Results: Economic empowerment improved women’s autonomy in food purchase and consumption. However, limited income restricted women from full autonomy in consumption decisions and access. Consumption of non-staple food items, especially flesh proteins, would benefit from women’s economic empowerment, whereas staple food items would not benefit so much. Dietary diversity is influenced by food production and purchase where factors including seasonal variation in food availability, prices, contextual factors that influence women’s autonomy, and income are important determinants. Conclusion: With limited income, agency and access to household financial resources coupled with norms that restrict women’s income earning, women continues to be at risk to not achieving adequate dietary diversity.

Effects of Paying Restitution

This chapter examines whether paying economic sanctions is related to recidivism. Because criminal offenders generally have few assets and limited income, paying financial obligations in addition to living expenses is likely to be difficult and may lead to criminal activity. Alternatively, paying economic sanctions could decrease crime because making payments voluntarily could lead to a sense of internalized responsibility. The chapter reviews the author’s correlational studies presented in earlier chapters indicating restitution payment is negatively related to committing a new crime, as well as research by others on adults and juveniles showing that paying restitution is associated with lower subsequent criminal behavior. It then presents a recidivism follow-up of the offenders who participated in the field experiment discussed in Chapter 5. Results indicated that payment was related to less criminal behavior, a conclusion in which researchers can have some confidence because participants had originally been assigned to condition at random.

Navigating College with MAAPS: Students' Perceptions of a Proactive Advising Approach

In 2016, State University (a pseudonym) implemented a proactive advising approach known as Monitoring Advising Analytics to Promote Success (MAAPS). The initiative was designed to improve academic achievement and retention measures for first-generation students and students from limited-income backgrounds. Using a qualitative methodological design, the purpose of this study was to learn about students' experiences with MAAPS advisors and their overall perceptions of the program. Findings confirm prior research that suggests some students may benefit from advisors' proactive communications and holistic approach. However, the design and implementation of MAAPS discouraged many from participating in the initiative, highlighting several implications for improved future practice.

Limited income and its impact on the family economically and socially: الدخل المحدود وأثره على الأسرة اقتصاديًا واجتماعيًا

This research aims to clarify the limited income of the research sample members. The family also has a variety of economic resources and is adequate for the family. To illustrate the economic and social effects of limited income on families. As well as assessing the economic and social situation of low- income people. Provide solutions that contribute to addressing the causes of low economic income for low- income people. To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive approach was used to interview a certain segment of the low- income community as a sample of research workers in the government sector, in the Directorate of 70 in Sana'a. The sample size was 68 (researched) heads of households. Through the results collected from the field research and analysis area, a number of general results were reached, the most important of which is: the majority of the families of the members of the sample did not depend on a single economic source, but depended on additional economic sources multiple and varied, confirmed by 63% of the total sample, this indicates that A family that does not fully depend on the monthly salary of the state. However, despite the multiplicity of these sources, they are not enough for the individual and his family, because of the high prices. The results also showed that the majority of the families of the sample members could not save any cash for any emergency they might face, accounting for 82% of the total sample.

Assessment of the Performance of Farmers’ Cooperative Societies: A Case of Kaduna State Nigeria

The study was carried out in Soba Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna state to appraise the performance of four (4) farmers’ cooperative societies using a structured questionnaire administered to 116 randomly selected cooperators. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. The results revealed that several factors had motivated members to join societies. The average loan approval rate of 93.3% was recorded for the 3-year period of 2015, 2016, and 2017. About 73 cooperators representing 62.9% assessed the services of the cooperative societies as very satisfactory or satisfactory; only 12.9% assessed them as not satisfactory. Major constraints that identified include inadequate capital (19.7%), limited income generating activities (16.5%), and poor attitude of cooperators (14.5%).

RUMAH SEHAT DAN RAMAH GEMPA DI KABUPATEN SAMOSIR

Samosir Regency does not yet have a habitable residence because of limited income, so many of the people live in the villages. In addition, the Samosir region is also an earthquake prone area. Researchers aim is to create livable houses that are able to meet the health requirements and meets the need of resident in Samosir Regency. The design also requires special research on healthy and earthquake-friendly house. The method that will be used in this design are 6 (six) steps, namely ideas / ideas, information, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and action. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, the use of red brick with a continuous foundation of river stone is the choice of a good structure for earthquake-friendly homes in Samosir district. This residential modeling also included the social elements of Batak Toba culture into it so that this housing could only be applied in the Samosir Regency area.