Kontribusi Community Supported Agriculture untuk Gerakan Agraria di Indonesia: Pelajaran dari Jerman

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a model of cooperation between food producers and consumers in carrying out agriculture that has emerged in Global North’s countries. The establishment of CSA is related to the desire of a few people striving for a more equitable food system than the global and industrial food system which marginalizes the welfare of farmers. Building on the ethnographic study of the CSA Garten Coop in Freiburg, Germany, and comparing it with studies of CSA in other countries, this paper tries to explore the possibilities of how CSA can offer farmers an alternative agricultural model for the sustainability of their farm and its contribution to agrarian movement, especially in Indonesia. The results show that CSA provides this alternative through rearranging the food system with a more democratic, autonomous, and equal management of production resources, income certainty for farmers through consumer commitment and by the solidarity economy, and independence through the principles of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, CSA indirectly contributes to the agrarian movement by providing the possibility for farmers to maintain their farming business, along with their land tenure or ownership, as well as a forum for organizing farmers and consumers to raise awareness of the food system. Keywords: Agrarian Movement, Community Supported Agriculture, Solidarity Economy, Producer-Consumer Partnership. Intisari: Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) merupakan model kerjasama produsen dan konsumen pangan dalam menyelenggarakan pertanian yang banyak muncul di negara-negara Global Utara. Pendiriannya tak lepas dari keinginan segelintir orang mengupayakan sebuah sistem pangan yang lebih adil dari sistem pangan global dan industrial yang meminggirkan kesejahteraan petani. Dengan menggunakan studi etnografi pada komunitas CSA Garten Coop di Freiburg, Jerman dan membandingkan dengan studi-studi atas CSA di sejumlah negara lainnya, artikel ini disusun untuk menelusuri kemungkinan tentang bagaimana CSA dapat menawarkan model pertanian alternatif bagi petani untuk keberlanjutan usaha taninya dan kontribusinya terhadap gerakan agraria, terutama di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CSA memberikan alternatif ini lewat pengaturan ulang sistem pangan dengan manajemen sumber daya produksi yang lebih demokratis, otonom, dan setara, kepastian pendapatan bagi petani lewat komitmen konsumen dan ekonomi solidaritas, serta independensi melalui prinsip pertanian berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, CSA secara tidak langsung berkontribusi dalam gerakan agraria dengan memberikan kemungkinan bagi petani untuk mempertahankan usaha taninya, berikut penguasaan atau kepemilikan lahannya, sekaligus wadah pengorganisasian petani dan konsumen untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran akan sistem pangan. Kata Kunci: Community Supported Agriculture, Ekonomi Solidaritas, Gerakan Agraria, Kerjasama Produsen-Konsumen.

Factors of adaptation of Mordovian settlers in the south of Western Siberia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries

The article will focus on the significance of the agrarian movement of people from the European part of Russia to Siberia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. A stream of ethnoculturally diverse people poured into Siberia. Different ethnic groups in different, sometimes unusual natural conditions were forced to adapt to the surrounding reality. All this happened by changing the usual ways of managing and living. This naturally influenced the formation of a new way of life, changes in cultural traditions that absorbed the traces of a new environment, mixed with the «established» centuries. Thus, at times, the settlers developed a new adaptation culture.

Femina oeconomica. Fighting against Landflucht in the Program of Agrarian Women’s Movement in Prussia before the Outbreak of World War I

In February 1914, the Agricultural Associations of Housewives, operating in the Eastern provinces of Prussia since the 1890s, were subordinated to organisations responsible for the development of agriculture in Prussia, which were dominated by conservatives and noble landowners. This came about on the initiative of some influential agrarians, who, in this way, wanted to strengthen their influence in rural areas, as well as to include the women’s agrarian movement in combating the outflow of labour from agriculture. The women’s organizations, having been politicized in this way and adopted by agrarian leaders after 1908, were to implement a new strategy for preventing the migration of rural population to cities. This is as a resulted of the partial support for Heinrich Sohnrey’s programme and his concept of improving the quality of life in rural areas. Elisabet Boehm, the founder of the associations, from the very beginning of their existence, sought to cooperate with agricultural organizations. She believed that this would be the only way for members to gain access to the expertise for implementing the main point of the association’s agenda, i.e. the professionalization of women’s work in rural areas. The article focuses on explaining the circumstances that led to the interest of the agrarians in the women’s agrarian movement and its inclusion in the reform programme for rural prosperity launched just before the war and showing that the cooperation was primarily aimed at using the associations to strengthen their influence in rural areas.

(Non)dangerous Enemies of the Regime: Unknown Stories of Three Famous Women of the Agrarian Party

The paper follows the life trajectory of three women - Rayna Lapardova (1904-1980), Nevena Elmazova (1895-1981) and Tsvetana Tsacheva (1896-1974), who are not even mentioned in the history of the Bulgarian Agrarian Movement to which they devoted their lives nor yet in the stories about the resistance against the communist regime whose victims they became. The Bulgarian Agrarian Union was the biggest political party before the communist take over on 9th of September 1944. In the 1940s and 1950s the members of the Union were supressed and persecuted by the authorities. The author discovered the contradiction between the official archive documents about them and the documents of the repressive services of the totalitarian state. The two sources presented two different stories of the same person. The official archive memory about them contradicts to the true story of their difficult lives which could be reconstructed from their State Security dossiers. Two of them (Rayna Lapardova and Tsvetana Tsacheva) spent several years in the working camps, and the third one (Nevena Elmazova) was kept under observation and under pressure by the State Security for 10 years.

AGRARIAN MOVEMENT IN SARANSK COUNTY IN OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1917

Introduction. The study of the agrarian movement on the eve of the establishment of Soviet power in the regions of Russia is important in the light of determining the role of the peasantry in the process of coming into power of the Bolsheviks. It quite clearly demonstrates the polarization of social forces in the Russian village on the eve of the decisive events of the great Russian revolution in 1917, Therefore, the growth of the agrarian movement in the country during the period under review evidence of the crisis caused by the absence of a decision by the authorities of the agrarian question that occupies a prominent place in Russian social and political consciousness of the early twentieth century. Materials and Methods. The study uses the materials of the Central state archive of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as scientific literature. The main method of research used in the work is historical-genetic. A micro-historical approach is also used for a more detailed insight into the subject of the study. Results. The article deals with the direction of agricultural movement in the Saransk district through the prism of confrontation between the rich and poor parts of the village. It notes the main purpose of the agrarian-peasant movement: the landlords, the kulaks, the farmers. Forms of the agrarian movement directed against “the high society” of village are considered, and also the property damage caused to owners is stated. The study notes that the peasantry dissatisfied with the protracted solution of the agricultural issue by the Provisional government has moved to radical methods of “black redistribution”. The wealthy part of the village in these conditions was without protection from the district authorities which by the autumn in 1917 did not have any power or authority among the local population, which predetermined the success of peasant actions against “the high society”. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research the circle of victims in the period of “peasant revolt” in autumn 1917 in the territory of Saransk district of Penza province is revealed. Forms of influence in relation to each category of rural owners are defined. Also it notes the hopelessness of the situation of “the high society” of village against the background of the crisis of local authorities on the eve of the establishment of Soviet power.

REFRAMING DEVELOPMENT: GLOBAL PEASANT MOVEMENTS AND THE NEW AGRARIAN QUESTION

This paper criticizes the conventional conception of the agrarian question and argues that the way the “agrarian question” is traditionally understood should be revised. The role played by the agrarian movement, especially transnational agrarian movements such as the Vía Campesina, is underscored.