A State Village from the Reform of P.D. Kiselev to the Reform of 1866 (on the Example of Vladimir Province)

The article, based on the material of Vladimir province and other provinces of the Central Industrial Region, explains the change in the position of state peasants after the reform of P.D. Kiselev, who, using their case, wanted to provide landowners with a role model and useful guidance. The article refers to various aspects of the peasants’ life up until the publication of the decrees of 1866. The author makes the conclusion about the positive dynamics in the situation with state village. However, according to the research, one of the main problems of that time, namely the problem of land scarcity, has not been resolved. In this regard, the text considers the process of the state village reformation in 1866. The research analyses the process and the outcomes of implementation of the two laws, which resulted in transformation of state peasants’ management system and reorganization of their land arrangement. The values of land allotments and quitrent tax of state peasants with the corresponding indicators of former landowners peasants and former appanage peasants are compared. The situation with the distribution of land within each of these categories of rural population and between them is reviewed in the article. The author comes to the conclusion that the position of the state peasants as a result of the reform turned out to be better than the position of the former landowners and former appanage peasants.

Not Only About Price but Also Lifestyle: Recent Phenomena of Backpacker Umrah In Indonesia

The increasing interest of the Indonesian Muslim community to perform umrah has been previously studied by many researchers. However, the phenomenon of backpacker umrah, which has attracted the middle-class Muslim community in Indonesia in the last decade, has not been widely discussed. Backpacker umrah is different from conventional umrah because it does not get complete facilities from travel agencies, so the price is lower. This study explores the motivation of umrah pilgrims to choose backpacker umrah solely because of lower prices or other considerations. Then how far is the response of umrah travel agents to this new trend? This type of research is qualitative research that uses a phenomenological approach. The method used was the observation, questionnaires, and unstructured interviews with 15 backpacker umrah participants determined by a snowball. The results of this study indicate that there are other motivations besides low prices, namely lifestyle. In addition, the selection of the type of umrah that is not tied to a schedule can be more solemn in worship. Although it does not publish directly as one of its products, the umrah travel agency responds to this backpacker umrah phenomenon by seeing it as an economic opportunity by providing land arrangement facilities.Abstrak: Meningkatnya minat masyarakat muslim Indonesia untuk melakukan umrah sudah banyak dikaji oleh peneliti. Namun fenomena umroh backpacker yang menarik minat masyarakat muslim kelas menengah di Indonesia dalam satu dekade terakhir ini belum banyak didiskusikan. Umroh backpacker berbeda dengan umroh konvensional karena tidak mendapatkan fasilitas yang lengkap dari biro perjalanan sehingga harganya lebih murah. Penelitian ini menggali motivasi jemaah umrah memilih backpacker umrah semata-mata karena harga yang lebih murah atau pertimbangan lain. Lalu sejauh mana respon travel agent umrah terhadap tren baru ini? Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologis. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi, angket, dan wawancara tidak terstruktur dengan 15 peserta umroh backpacker yang ditentukan dengan bola salju. Hasil enelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada motivasi lain selain harga yang murah yaitu gaya hidup. Selain itu, pemilihan jenis umroh yang tidak terikat jadwal bisa lebih khusyuk dalam beribadah. Meski tidak mempublikasikan secara langsung sebagai salah satu produknya, biro perjalanan umrah merespon fenomena umrah backpacker ini dengan melihat sebagai peluang ekonomi dengan memberikan fasilitas land arrangement.

Pusat Gamer di Surabaya dengan Tema Metafora

E-sport is a completion to play video games which are generally conducted between professional players. In Surabaya, game players are increasing every day since there was a news about various games which were entering to the E-sport branch in Asie Games in 2018. But, increasing of technology development does not support with adequate facilities. It is a reason to build and design Gamer Community Center in Surabaya. Parents concern to their children who like to play games and the bad effects of games were the main problems. Parents and society ignorance about E-sport, as well as Surabaya government hasn't taken apart in the development of E-sport, was a problem which must be resolved. The presence oof designing and planning Gamers Community center was hoped that it will able to provide insight to the E-sport world to the society and it is able yo develop E-sport in Surabaya. This study used qualitative and survey methods, so, the researcher obtained adequate description of the design and the theme was metaphorical which was focused to the forms that reflect a function. It was also supported by gamer's adaptive macro concept which made the function and gamers' characteristics. Land arrangement of micro concept and forms used abstract metaphor combined with micro concept of hi-tech space. It would make an area become unique, comfortable, and capable to develop E-sport in Surabaya. It is hoped by using this design, the parents won't be worry to their children when their children love to play game. Because game becomes as a profession. Keywords: zE-sport, Surabaya, Community, Gamers, Metaphors, Game Abstrak. E-sport adalah kompetisi bermain video game, yang pada umumnya dilakukan antara para permian profesional. Jumlah Gamer yang ada di Surabaya kian hari kian bertambah sejak adanya berita tentang berbagai judul game masuk kedalam cabang e-sport di Asian Game 2018. Namun, meningkatnya perkembangan teknologi dan minat masyarakat terhadap e-sport, tidak didukung dengan fasilitas yang memadai. Kekawatiran orang tua terhadap anak yang gemar bermain game serta dampak buruk yang ditimbulkan terhadap anak, dirasa menjadi permasalahan utama. Ketidak tauan para orang tua dan masyarakat tentang e-sport, serta belum ikut andilnya pemerintah Surabaya dalam perkembangan e-sport, merupakan suatu permasalahan yang harus di selesaikan. Dengan hadirnya Perencanaan dan Perancangan Pusat Komunitas Gamer di Surabaya ini, diharapkan mampu memberikan wawasan tentang dunia e-sport kepada masyarakat serta dapat mengembangkan e-sport yang ada di Surabaya. Menggunakan metode kualitatif dan survey, sehingga diperoleh gambaran tentang desain yang cukup memadai dalam perancangan, dengan tema metafora yang berfokus pada bentukan yang mencerminkan suatu fungsi. Hal ini juga didukung dengan konsep makro adaptif gamer yang lebih mendekatkan fungsi dengan sifat para gamer, mikro konsep tatanan lahan dan bentuk yang menggunakan metafora absrak dipadukan dengan konsep mikro ruang hi-tech dirasa akan menjadikan suatu kawasan yang unik, nyaman dan tentu saja mampu mengembangkan serta memajukan E-sport yang ada di Surabaya. Diharapakan dari hasil rancangan ini maka tidak ada lagi kekawatiran orang tua tentang kegemaran anak akan game, karena game kini juga bisa menjadi profesi. Kata Kunci: E-sport, Surabaya, Komunitas, Gamer, Metafora. Game

Land-Use Strategies

This chapter describes the land-use and land-arrangement strategies that Chinese migrant and left-behind rice farmers use to manage their farmland and off-farm migration. These include both social and technical strategies – only some of which accord with state expectations – such as leaving behind family members, building houses on farmland, using labour-saving technologies, switching from rice to cash crops, or even abandoning fields. Using specific household cases, the chapter demonstrates how peasants draw on a wide repertoire of available resources to handle their situation. Shedding light on the logics behind these decisions, it argues that, in taking seemingly technical agricultural decisions, farmers are in fact pursuing various long-term and short-term projects that best match their fluctuating current and anticipated future household situation.

The begіnnіng of transformatіon of the Belarusіan vіllage

The artіcle presents the begіnnіng of the systemіc transformatіon of the Belarusіan vіllage, іts transіtіon from tradіtіon to modernіty lіnked wіth the abolіtіon of serfdom, whіch іn іts turn was the fіrst and most іmportant reform together wіth other bourgeoіs reforms. Transformatіon of the vіllage embraced the socіo-economіc organіsatіon, cultural lіfe of the vіllage, demographіc behavіour, іngraіned peasantry іdentіfіcatіon. The author draws attentіon to the fact that economy based on serfdom іn Belarus shortly before іts abolіtіon was more wіdely represented than іn many other regіons of the Russіan Empіre. The author goes on to show the process of іmplementatіon of the reform of 1861, іts peculіarіtіes іn Belarus. Also the land arrangement of varіous categorіes of peasantry іs characterіsed. The author states that іn condіtіons of abolіtіon of serfdom on the terrіtory of Belarus changes carrіed out by the authorіtіes of the Russіan Empіre owіng to the uprіsіng of 1863 actually had the nature of an іndependent reform іn terms of іntensіty of theіr consequences. The author concludes that the maіn result of the reform of 1861 was the attaіnment by peasants of personal lіberty, whіle the fate of modernіsatіon processes іn Belarus іn the second half of the 19th – the begіnnіng of the 20th century, fіrst of all, depended on the degree of іnvolvement peasants іn these processes, who consequently became subjects of socіo-economіc, socіo-polіtіcal and cultural processes.

Land Arrangement for Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus) and Arabica Coffee in the Cultivation Area in Gayo Lues District, Aceh Province Indonesia: A Land Suitability Approach

Gayo Lues District is known as Citronella and Arabica coffee producer in Aceh province, Indonesia. This paper aims to manage Citronella and Arabica coffee's land arrangement in the Gayo Lues District's cultivated area. This implementation is aimed at maintaining the peculiarities of citronella products and Arabica coffee. Thus, the two commodities must be separated in terms of allocated sites. The altitude for the area is 200-2,000 meters above sea level, consisting of ten classes, and the type of soils are Entisols, Oxisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols. The area's slope between 0- to 40% (4 classes) was used to delineate the land units. There are 49 land units observed within the cultivated area of 160,017.17 ha. The guidelines for land suitability classification by the Ministry of Agriculture for Citronella and Center for Coffee and Cocoa Research, Jember for Arabica coffee were utilized. The results showed that 58,275.5 hectares of land were suitable for citronella, and 13,765.75 ha has been planted. The actual land suitability of citronella inside the area of 58,275.5 ha is suitable (S2 class) and marginally suitable (S3-class) and not suitable (N-class) with limiting factors are temperature, water availability, erosion hazard, and nutrient retention. This land suitability can be improved by providing inputs to increase the level of suitability with temperature, water availability, and erosion hazard (slope) limiting factors. Also, 48,765.3 hectares can be developed for Arabica coffee, and 4,653.5 ha has been planted. The actual land suitability for Arabica coffee is Suitable, Marginal Suitable, and Not Suitable, limiting the soil's physical properties (adequate soil depth), slope, and chemical properties of the soil. Once repaired, the land's suitability becomes Suitable (S1-class) (without limiting factor), Suitable, and marginal suitable with the slope as a limiting factor. There is an area of 44,509.75 hectares of land at 200-1,400 m above sea level within the cultivation area developed with a Citronella. There is an area of 44,111.8 ha at the height of 800-2,000 m above sea level, potentially for Arabica coffee.

EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK TANAMAN KAKAO BERBASIS SIG DI KECAMATAN NAN SABARIS KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

The purpose of this study is to analyze and determination: level of land suitability, spatial distribution of land suitability and directive of land arrangement for cocoa plants-based SIG in Padang Pariaman District at Nan Sabaris Sub-District. The technique of determining sample points is based on land units with a purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used is the comparison of matching between land characteristics with class criteria of land suitability. As a results showed that : 1) The level of land suitability for cocoa planting area in Nan Sabaris sub-district can be categorized into 2 (two) land suitability levels, i.e. very suitable area of 1197.4 Ha with land units Qh.I.F1.Ldg.Gh and in accordance with an area of 2252.3 Ha with land units : Qh.I.F1.Swh.Reg, Qh.I.M5.Swh.Reg, Qh.I.F1.Swh.Gh, Qh.I.F1.Pmk.Reg, Qh.I.M5.Pmk.Reg, Qh.I.D1.Pmk.Gh, Qh.I.F1.Pmk.Gh, Qh.I.F1.Ldg.Reg, Qh.I.M5.Ldg.Reg, Qh.I.D1.Ldg.Gh. 2) Spatial distribution of land that is very suitable is the land unit in the village of Pauh Kamba. Whereas the appropriate categories are Nagari Sunua, Sunua tengah, Kuraitaji, Kaplokoto, Paguah dalam. 3) Directive of land arrangement in Nan Sabaris sub-district, all land units are suitable for cacao plants.Keywords: Suitability of land, Cocoa, Geography Information System AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis tentang : tingkat kesesuaian lahan, sebaran spasial kesesuaian lahan dan arahan penataan lahan untuk tanaman kakao berbasis SIG di Kecamatan Nan Sabaris Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan metode survey. Teknik penentuan titik sampel berdasarkan satuan lahan dengan metode sampel purposif. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah pembandingan matching antara karakteristik lahan dengan kriteria kelas kesesuaian lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1). Tingkat kesesuaian lahan untuk areal penanaman kakao di Kecamatan Nan Sabaris dapat dikategorikan atas 2 (dua) tingkat kesesuaian lahan, yakni Sangat Sesuai seluas 1197,4 Ha dengan satuan lahan Qh.I.F1.Ldg.Gh dan Sesuai dengan luas 2252,3 Ha dengan satuan lahan : Qh.I.F1.Swh.Reg, Qh.I.M5.Swh.Reg, Qh.I.F1.Swh.Gh, Qh.I.F1.Pmk.Reg, Qh.I.M5.Pmk.Reg, Qh.I.D1.Pmk.Gh, Qh.I.F1.Pmk.Gh, Qh.I.F1.Ldg.Reg, Qh.I.M5.Ldg.Reg, Qh.I.D1.Ldg.Gh. 2) Sebaran spasial lahan yang sangat sesuai adalah satuan lahan di Nagari Pauh Kamba. Sedangkan untuk kategori sesuai adalah Nagari Sunua, Sunua tengah, Kuraitaji, Kapalokoto, Paguah dalam. 3) Arahan penataan lahan di Kecamatan Nan Sabaris, semua satuan lahan cocok diperuntukan untuk tanaman kakao.Kata Kunci : Kesesuaian lahan, Kakao, Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG).

Optymalizacja wiejskich układów gruntowych – badania eksperymentalne

Rural areas are subject to constant structural, spatial and economic transformations. The main purpose of this monograph was to present a new concept of shaping of rural land arrangement that takes into account the land value. The presented optimization methodology of shaping of the rural areas has a general range of application, not being limited by time or place. of the location of the consolidation object. The only condition for its use is the availability of a specific set of output data enabling the necessary calculations for the implementation of consolidation works. The described method has been successfully applied to the research object of the Mściowojów village, in a registry area located in the Dolnośląkie voivodeship, in the Jaworski district, providing with the assumed effects. In order to meet the research objectives, the shaping of rural land arrangement was conducted according to five models. The original arrangement of existing land division in a given village is considered as the 1st model. The 2nd model uses a rather accurate description of the locations of the lands in the village. To define this feature the location of farm parcels had to be determined. This model is the most accurate, but also the most labor-intensive of all. In the 3rd model, a fundamental simplification of the land arrangement was adopted, limiting the distance matrix to its measurement to the entry points from the settlements into the complexes. This simplification means that the location of parcels in the complex does not affect the average distance to the land in the whole village. On the basis of simplifications applied in the 3rd model allowing a significant reduction of the distance matrix the 4th model which uses a linear programming to minimize the distance to a parcel was developed. Introducing into the linear model an additional condition that eliminates distance growth in farms in relation to the initial state was important for the research. This was implemented in the 5th model and had a positive impact on the obtained results. The 6th model was developed by including the landowners' wants into the 5th model. These had to be taken into account so that the research/the new land arrangement did not cause complaints. The wants could not be fully included due to their inherently contradictory nature. The wants for having the parcel in a given arrangement was replaced with a guarantee of division, after which landowner receives no smaller share than the prior one. As demonstrated in the work, the solutions of the developed models allowed obtaining land arrangements close to the optimal in terms of distance to land and the shape of parcels and farms with regard to land specifics. The presented results allow to draw a conclusion that the methods and analyses applied in the research can have a wide range of application in shaping of rural land arrangement. Developing the most socially accepted optimization of parcel division in the process of land consolidation is important due to the actual needs for the implementation of the rural land arrangement research. This may also have influence on better use of the EU's financial resources for the consolidation of agricultural lands.

Optimizing Land With Surjan System Through Crop Diversification In Lowland Swamp Jambi Province

The research objective is to optimize the use of lowland swamps to increase land productivity, crop productivity and income of farmers using the technology innovation management. Lowland swamp optimization activities carried out in Rantau Kapas Mudo, Tembesi Muara Jambi Province in May-September 2014. The assessment carried out by the application of rice-based farming technology using surjan system. Commodities used is rice planted on tabukan and vegetables grown on guludan. Applying technology lowland swamps management, water management, land arrangement, nutrient management and commodities on surjan systems can increase the productivity of land and commodity diversification. The revenue contribution of the rice crop was 69.14% and 30.86% with a vegetable. Farmers' income of Rp. 6.914 million / ha, 43.88% higher than the existing farmers' income.Keywords: lowland swamps, surjan systems, production and income