Site-Specific and Country-of-Origin Labeling for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

There is increasing concern about the quality of pharmaceuticals, especially generics made in Asia. Popular books and news reports have the public questioning the quality of pharmaceuticals. Recalls and import bans shake confidence in medications, particularly for active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished dosage forms made outside the United States. The Food and Drug Administration uses geography to allocate resources for manufacturing surveillance. Site of manufacturing labeling, including the country, could be linked to the facility’s quality score to assess the risk of poor quality. Clinicians should advocate for legal and regulatory changes to increase the transparency of pharmaceutical manufacturing of products.

How country of origin influences Chinese consumers' evaluation of imported milk?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to decompose the effects of country-of-origin labeling (COOL) into multiple dimensions—macrolevel image, related to the country image, and microlevel image, related to dairy industry/product attributes—and investigate how each dimension affects Chinese consumers' evaluation of imported milk.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted the Becker–DeGroot–Marschak (BDM) auction mechanism to elicit consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for milk from different countries (New Zealand, Australia, Germany, France and China). The experiment was conducted with 348 shoppers at supermarkets in three major cities of China (Hangzhou, Wuhan and Shijiazhuang). The study subject was ultrahigh-temperature processing (UHT) milk (200 mL Tetra Pak aseptic brick package).FindingsThe results show that Chinese consumers are willing to pay a premium for UHT milk from New Zealand, Australia, Germany and France compared to domestic milk, and the premiums are 59.4, 58.9, 57.9, and 52.9% respectively. Both microlevel and macrolevel images exert a substantial influence on consumers' WTP, and the microlevel image has a greater impact on consumers' evaluation of milk than the macrolevel image. Particularly, the macropolitical, microtechnology/quality and microdesign/package dimensions have a positive influence on WTP for milk.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature in introducing the country-of-origin image (COI) construct with different dimensions to get in-depth knowledge about the country-of-origin (COO) effect in food or agricultural economics.

Consumer Misuse of Country-of-Origin Label: Insights from the Italian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Market

Providing information to consumers through the label is a means for food companies to inform consumers about product’s attributes, including the country of origin (COO). In the EU, COO labeling has been made mandatory for several categories of food products, to enable consumers to make informed choices at the point of sale. In particular, Regulation (EU) No 29/2012 has introduced a mandatory country-of-origin labeling system for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). In the present study, conducted in Italy, we test whether there is a price differential associated with the COO information for EVOO. To this end, we employ a hedonic price model and data about the purchase of EVOO products collected from 982 consumers at the supermarket checkout. Having interviewed these consumers, we also assess the share of EVOO consumers that correctly identify the country of origin of the product purchased. Our findings point out that, in Italy, the EVOO with domestic origin, indicated on the label, benefits of a premium price equal to +35% compared to the product labeled as blend of European EVOOs, while a discount of −10.8% is attached to EVOOs from a non-European origin. A significant share of consumers in our sample (19.04%) is, however, unable to correctly identify the origin of the EVOO purchased. This label misuse mostly occurs among consumers who report that they had purchased Italian EVOO, while they had actually purchased a blend of European EVOOs. Female and more highly educated consumers are less likely to misuse label information about the product’s origins.

EKSPOR DAGING SAPI KANADA PASCA KEBIJAKAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN LABELLING (COOL) AMERIKA SERIKAT TAHUN 2009-2015

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>The presence of foreign policy has a big impacts on the implementation of the state life of every international actor, especially for the super power countries such as the United States. These conditions make the United States have control over other countries by taking actions that only benefit one side, such as protection. The Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) policy is a form of protection carried out by the United States with the aim of limiting the amount of beef imported from Canada to enter the United States market because it has been contaminated with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow diseases which is very dangerous for human health</em><em>. The implementation of the COOL succeeded in making Canadian beef exports decrease and causing a deficit in the country’s trade balance</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>Therefore, Canada must have an efforts to maintain the stability of its beef exports so that it can benefit the Canadian economy and achieve the national interest of the country.</em></p><p><em>Keywords : Country of Origin Labelling, Beef Export, Canada, National Interest</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Kehadiran kebijakan luar negeri memiliki pengaruh yang besar bagi pelaksanaan kehidupan bernegara setiap aktor internasional, terutama bagi negara <em>super power</em> seperti Amerika Serikat. Kondisi tersebut membuat Amerika Serikat memiliki kontrol terhadap negara lainnya dengan melakukan tindakan yang hanya menguntungkan sebelah pihak saja, seperti melakukan proteksi. Kebijakan <em>Country of Origin Labelling</em> (COOL) merupakan salah satu bentuk proteksi yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat dengan tujuan untuk membatasi jumlah daging sapi impor dari Kanada yang masuk ke pasar Amerika Serikat karena telah terkontaminasi oleh penyakit <em>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </em>(BSE) atau sapi gila yang sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia<em>.</em> Implementasi kebijakan COOL tersebut berhasil membuat jumlah ekspor daging sapi Kanada menurun sehingga menyebabkan defisit pada neraca perdagangan negaranya<em>.</em> Oleh karena itu, Kanada harus memilki upaya untuk menjaga stabilitas ekspor daging sapinya sehingga dapat memberikan keuntungan bagi perekonomian Kanada serta tercapainya kepentingan nasional negara.</p><p>Kata Kunci : <em>Country of Origin Labelling</em>, Ekspor Daging Sapi, Kanada, Kepentingan</p><p> Nasional</p>