How Smooth Muscle Contractions Shape the Developing Enteric Nervous System

Neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are constantly subject to mechanical stress stemming from contractions of the gut wall or pressure of the bolus, both in adulthood and during embryonic development. Because it is known that mechanical forces can have long reaching effects on neural growth, we investigate here how contractions of the circular smooth muscle of the gut impact morphogenesis of the developing fetal ENS, in chicken and mouse embryos. We find that the number of enteric ganglia is fixed early in development and that subsequent ENS morphogenesis consists in the anisotropic expansion of a hexagonal honeycomb (chicken) or a square (mouse) lattice, without de-novo ganglion formation. We image the deformations of the ENS during spontaneous myogenic motility and show that circular smooth muscle contractile waves induce longitudinal strain on the ENS network; we rationalize this behavior by mechanical finite element modeling of the incompressible gut wall. We find that the longitudinal anisotropy of the ENS vanishes when contractile waves are suppressed in organ culture, showing that these contractile forces play a key role in sculpting the developing ENS. We conclude by summarizing different key events in the fetal development of the ENS and the role played by mechanics in the morphogenesis of this unique nerve network.

Implanted Bioelectric Neuro Assay with Sensing Interface Circuit

Neuromolecular glucose and dopamine assays were searched using a DNA immobilized onto a carbon nanotube paste electrode (PE). The analytical molecular detection limits of 0.13 ugL–1(6.855 × 10–10 M) Dopamine and 1.9 ugL–1 (1.06 × 10–8 M) glucose were attained using square wave stripping voltammetry. A handmade three-electrode system was implanted in the nerve network of a fish backbone, and two working electrodes were implanted in left and right pinna muscles. These were interfaced with a neuron electrochemical workstation and a nerve machine sensing circuit. This interface could be obtained for the psychological function and other body functions. The interfaced circuit could be controlled with a machine system. The results are useful in machine brain intercontrol systems.

Implementasi Multilayer Perceptron Pada Jaringan Saraf Tiruan Untuk Memprediksi Nilai Valuta Asing

In the context of FOREX investment, the fluctuation of currency becomes a common thing in which movement is greatly influenced by supply and demand. If the demand is higher, the price will increase and conversely, if the supply is higher, the price will go downward. There is a principle that the behavior of price patterns will repeat randomly and make unpredictable movement of FOREX. These patterns of currency fluctuation have deceived many investors and brought losses and even capital failure. Basically, the value of foreign exchange belongs to the data of time series and Multilayer Perceptron is very suitable to process data of time series as it is often used to make prediction. Therefore, this research aimed at implementing Multilayer Perceptron in the artificial nerve network for predicting the value of foreign exchange on the available resources using the attributes of open, high, low, and close. To process the data from the existing attributes, there must be initialization first in X1 (open), X2 (high), and X3 (low) as the inputs and Y (close) as the data target, and then they were normalized so as to calculate sigmoid. The increasing number of epoch does not guarantee that the errors will be smaller. On the contrary, perhaps, the error value will increase. The best result of training occurred by epoch 200 and learning rate 3 within the smallest values of MSE 281.02518, MAD 13.168, and deviation standard 10.294.

Real-time, functional intra-operative localization of rat cavernous nerve network using near-infrared cyanine voltage-sensitive dye imaging

Despite current progress achieved in the surgical technique of radical prostatectomy, post-operative complications such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence persist at high incidence rates. In this paper, we present a methodology for functional intra-operative localization of the cavernous nerve (CN) network for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy using near-infrared cyanine voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging, which visualizes membrane potential variations in the CN and its branches (CNB) in real time. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate a functioning complex nerve network in response to electrical stimulation of the CN, which was clearly differentiated from surrounding tissues in an in vivo rat prostate model. Stimulation of an erection was confirmed by correlative intracavernosal pressure (ICP) monitoring. Within 10 minutes, we performed trans-fascial staining of the CN by direct VSD administration. Our findings suggest the applicability of VSD imaging for real-time, functional imaging guidance during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.

Cellular Automaton and Finite Element Hybrid Simulation to Predict Axonal Extension Enhancement of Nerve Cell Under Mechanical Stimulation

In the clinical application, the mechanical stimulation against the damaged brain tissue is adopted as the kinesitherapy for the nerve regeneration. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanism to repair the damaged nerve cell has not been revealed yet. Recently, the cyclic stretch stimulation has been reported as the efficacious treatment method to enhance the axonal extension for regenerative therapy of injured nerve cell. Therefore, we try to develop a new cellular automaton (CA) finite element (FE) hybrid method to predict the axonal extension and nerve network generation, which can evaluate the effect of stretch stimulation on the cell body, axon and dendrites. In the FE results, the stress concentration occurred at the junction of the axon and cell body. The maximum stress value in the axon was 8.2 kPa which is about twice as large as that of the cell body. CA adopted to predict the morphological evolution of nerve cells under the mechanical stimulation. It was confirmed that the stress affects to accelerate the axonal extension as experimentally suggested. As a result, our CAFE can be employed to simulate the axonal extension and generation of nerve network system under the condition of extra cellular mechanical stimulation.