RECONSIDERING NAFAQAH OF FAMILY RESILIENCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN ISLAMIC LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

<strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The main goal of this research is to comprehend deeply the relation between husband and wife relating to the responsibilty of <em>nafaqat</em> in their family.<strong> </strong>The methodology used is juridical-sociological; where the data analyzed from textual livelihood obligations conditional or current contextual forces that all family members also have a responsible role in terms of living. The results of the study are as follows: that al-Baqarah requires a husband to provide a living to his wife, but in another context, a wife or other family members can play a role in maintaining family resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic resistance. In reality, however, the nafaqat become mutual responsibility of the husband and wife without any objection.<br /> <br /><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami relasi dan tanggung suami dan isteri terkait nafkah sehingga akan diketahui legal <em>bases</em> yang berkembang<strong>.</strong><strong> </strong>Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis-sosiologis, dimana data yang ditelaah dari tekstual kewajiban nafkah dengan kondisional atau kontekstual sekarang yang memaksa bahwa semua anggota keluarga juga punya peran tanggungjawab dalam hal nafkah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam Q.S. al-Baqarah mewajibkan seorang suami memberikan nafkah kepada istri tetapi dalam konteks lain, seorang istri atau anggota keluarga lain dapat berperan dalam menjaga ketahanan keluarga di masa pandemi covid-19. Realitasnya, nafkah keluarga menjadi tanggung bersama suami isteri tanpa ada merasa keberatan.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>nafaqat</em>, family resilience, Covid-19 pandemic

An Invitation from the Displaced: Refuge Restaged in The Jungle and As Far as My Fingertips Take Me

Tania El Khoury’s audience-of-one performance piece As Far as My Fingertips Take Me and Joe Murphy and Joe Robertson’s play The Jungle, produced and developed by Good Chance, are twenty-first-century productions that foreground the medial affordances of performance art and drama to foreground Western audiences’ relationships and responses to refugees. I propose a taxonomy of the strategies used in these two works as a model for analyzing theatre and performance about refugees. These strategies are classified in terms of the responses they seek to elicit from the audience, and my analysis explores some of the tactics used to achieve these goals. Remedial strategies counter harmful stereotypes about refugees; transformative strategies challenge and reshape basic conceptions of self, other, nation, and citizenship; and ethotic strategies reorient the audience to consider their relationship with refugees, particularly with respect to their disparate identity positions, mutual responsibility, and interdependence. Fingertips and The Jungle are substantially different artworks but are able to achieve similar results by utilizing the different affordances of their respective mediums. Thus, the taxonomy of strategies provides a more systematic and precise way of analyzing how refugee drama and performance achieve their goals. It avoids being overly prescriptive in how these goals should be achieved and instead recognizes how exploiting different tactics and medial affordances can advocate for refugees and other migrants.

Increasing the transparency of the interaction between tax authorities and taxpayers

Subject. The client-oriented service is one of the priorities tax authorities pursue today. The client-oriented service implies partnership and mutual responsibility. Taxpayers will timely perform their tax obligations, prevent indeliberate errors, while tax authorities contribute to a higher confidence of taxpayers. Therefore, the interaction of tax authorities and taxpayers become a very important issue. Objectives. I herein evaluate the importance of tax authorities as a servicing institution, modern automated tax control systems, data processing centers to create and use total available data. Methods. The article analyzes how tax authorities may interact with taxpayers, unfolds respective issues and suggests how the issues should be resolved. Results. I detected some difficulties in the interaction of tax authorities and taxpayers, such as the formalistic attitude to taxpayers’ inquiries, taxpayers’ dissatisfaction with controlling procedures of tax authorities, disputable questions about taxation. Conclusions and Relevance. I suggest paying greater attention to communications, clarifications and methodological aspects in order to enhance the financial security of entities. Tax authorities should better describe legislative breaches and suggest how the breaches should be eliminated. Tax authorities should communicate with taxpayers more specifically by expanding functions of data processing centers of the Russian Tax Service. The findings can be useful for the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Federal Tax Service for tax audits and communications with taxpayers.

Securitas libertatis – Dialektik von Freiheit und Sicherheit im Zeichen der Pandemie

The question of the relationship between freedom and security is characteristic of the discourse in times of crisis. In the coronavirus pandemic, too, society is faced with the challenge of how a democratic order can overcome the security crisis while preserving its fundamental principles, such as individual freedom as a highest value. This article explores this question. Following Axel Honneth, it is based on a social concept of freedom, which understands a social coexistence of people in security as essential for freedom in general. Freedom and security are interpreted dialectically and are accordingly not regarded as bipolar opposites, but as a unity. Considering deontological and consequentialist approaches, the text simultaneously assumes a primacy of social freedom. This is due to its dialectical nature. Because of its social character, freedom also implies mutual responsibility between individuals.

Tourism Development in Terms of the Pandemic: New Trends and Anti-crisis Measures

The main trends in tourism development, which have emerged in the terms of the coronavirus pan-demic, are analyzed in the paper. The anti-crisis measures to support the industry in the difficult period and experience of countering the spread of COVID-19 were considered by the case of Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. These countries are characterized by integration cooperation on the implementation of international tourist routes. It was revealed that these countries have taken tough measures to limit the international tourism devel-opment. The main strategy of these countries is to rely on their internal recreational opportunities. The borders opening and the international tourism re-covery will be slow and uneven. The need to update the integration processes in the field of tourism is substantiated not only on the principles of mutual benefit and joint development, but also of mutual responsibility and preparedness for crises and their management. The research results can be used in the preparation or correction of conceptual, strate-gic and program documents for the tourism devel-opment both at the national and regional levels, especially in the post-COVID period.

A Race to the Bottom

This chapter unfolds the basis of a new social contract that sets out innovative ways of redistributing risks and opportunities. It also discusses how “committed nationalism” — the nationalism of mutual responsibility that places fellow nationals at the top of one's social priorities — may help to rebuild social solidarity. The chapter then turns to talk about the alliance of conservatives and social democrats, rallying around the nation-state and looking to bring the elites back home in the name of both nationalism and social justice. It demonstrates how the political balance tilted in the direction of the nationalism of the vulnerable rather than in the direction of the nationalism of the affluent. As we enter the age of a new and caring nationalism, the chapter explains four moves that must be taken to tame the new nationalism and make it more liberal and tolerant. Finally, the chapter reviews the significance of reviving the sense of social and political optimism and collective pride that allows individuals and societies to envision a better future for themselves and for the coming generations.

FINANCIAL RELATIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION ON THE BASIS OF PERSONAL AND MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY

Some implementatation tools of the state’s budget policy due to the typification of financial relations in higher education are determined in the article. The acceptability of the type of relations of the higher education institutions (paternalism, solidarity, subsidiarity) regarding the effectiveness of the state‘s financial policy is clarified. The economic responsibility of the state and higher education insrtitutions as a basic condition of subsidiary relations is revealed.Quantitative parameters of subsidiary relations of the state as a customer of educational services and higher education institution as a service provider are determined. Financial relations in the field of higher education are characterized by antagonism between the paternalism of the state and the principle of market relations. Partnership relations are based on the principles according to which market subjects are partners in achieving their goals. The hierarchy of higher education makes partnership relations impossible due to the subordination of the goals of the institutions. Solidarity as a type of relationship implies mutual responsibility and mutual assistance based on the unity of interests of the institutions. The solidarity of the state and higher education institutions is manifested in two aspects. The first one is the relationship concerning granting permission by the state to an institution for educational activities. The second aspect consists in the relationship concerning purchasing the educational services of the institution by the state. The aspects of solidarity are a reflection of the regulatory and commercial powers of the state. The mutual responsibility of the institutions of the different levels creates a subsidiary type of relationship. The establishment of subsidiary relations means the introduction of economic feasibility of providing educational services. The object of subsidiarity between the state and institutions is the minimum break-even point of demand for educational services (in the specialty of a certain level of education and form of education). A necessary condition for determining the amount is to establish the value of costs for an academic year per student who receives the service. In case of impossibility to form the minimum amount of demand the enrolment to a specialty is canceled. According to market principles, the amount of demand for specialties is of interest to HEI in the case when the tuition fee covers the cost of providing the service. Thus, the range of educational services of the institution may change annually. Solidarity-subsidiary relations regulate the obligations of the state and higher Д. М. Загірняк, О. А. Кратт, М. В. Загірняк 26 education institutions as to financing the forecasted demand for educational services. Relations among higher education institutions are the methodological basis of public funding. Solidarity-subsidiary type of relations means a combination of individual and collective responsibilities. The state simultaneously acts as a regulator and customer of educational services. The role of the regulator is to focus consumers of educational services on the needs of the labor market, and higher education institutions – on financial autonomy. The role of the customer is to share the responsibility for financing higher education with higher education institutions, which should involve other sources of funding for educational services. A conceptual approach is linked to the determination by higher education institutions of the minimum possible break-even point of the amount of services that they undertake to sell to the state as a regulator. The state as a customer undertakes to share responsibility with institutions through the purchase of part of the services subject to the sale of a minimum amount. The conceptual approach allows achieving the unity of regulatory and commercial components in the activities of the state in the field of higher education.