Design of a Low-Phase-Noise Ka-Band GaAs HBT VCO

In this paper, the study of a Ka-band GaAs HBT VCO is reported with particular emphasis on achieving low-phase noise while using direct coupled varactor. A push–push cross-coupled VCO configuration is employed to achieve high oscillation frequency and low-phase noise. The measured oscillation bandwidth spans from 30.2 to 28.6[Formula: see text]GHz with a tuning range of 1.6[Formula: see text]GHz, while the phase noise at 1[Formula: see text]MHz of frequency offset from the carrier at 29.3[Formula: see text]GHz is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBc/Hz. The VCO consumes 28.2[Formula: see text]mW from 3[Formula: see text]V supply and occupies an area of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm. The FOM of the VCO achieves [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBc/Hz.

Low Voltage and High Oscillation Frequency Gated Ring Oscillator Using Bootstrap Technique

In this paper, a high frequency ring oscillator with low power consumption is proposed.The proposed ring oscillator is based on GRO by applying boot strap technique. Simulation resultsindicate that the FoM(Power Consumption/Oscillation Frequency) of the proposed ring oscillator isless than that of the conventional ring oscillator.

Several regulations in gravity table in quality of tobacco seeds

The use of gravity table can result in improved quality of seeds of several species, demonstrating the superiority of the quality attributes of seeds collected in the top positions in relation to the lower positions of the discharge zone of the gravity table. The availability of information on tobacco seeds, particularly on the action of gravity table, has not been addressed in the literature. The present study was to evaluate the influence of different regulations in the gravity table on the quality of tobacco seeds. The terminal edge of the machine of 50 cm width was divided into four parts plus the outlet for stones. The treatments were in the following fractions: original seed (obtained in the feed hopper), heavy seed (at the top), middle high, intermediate, and light seed (lower part), and the stones outlet of the gravity table. Each combination of regulation was in an independent adjustment with a total of seven adjusts. The gravity table, in the adjustments with high oscillation, was efficient in improving the physiological quality of seed lots of tobacco, by removing the fraction of light seeds discharged at the bottom of the terminal edge.