EFEKTIVITAS ADSORBEN BERBAHAN FILTER ROKOK NON PAKAI UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR CO DAN NOx PADA ASAP ROKOK

Pencemaran udara tidak hanya terjadi diluar ruangan tetapi juga didalam ruangan, Salah satu pencemar dalam ruangan yang banyak dijumpai adalah gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) dan Nitrogen Oksida (NOx). Asap pembakaran tidak sempurna terakumulasi didalam ruangan akibat dari konsumsi rokok. Reduksi polutan dapat dilakukan dengan cara adsorpsi, penelitian ini memanfatkan limbah filter rokok non – pakai jenis capsule dan charcoal dari pabrik penghasil filter rokok yang tidak lolos uji kualitas untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai karbon aktif yang akan dipergunakan sebagai adsorben CO dan NOx pada asap rokok. Filter rokok setelah dikarbonisasi kemudian diaktivasi dengan larutan KOH 65% menggunkan perbandingan activator agent dan larutan sebesar 4:1.Penelitian ini menggunakan reaktor yang dimodelkan seperti ruangan dengan volume ruang 0,02 m2. Karbon aktif berbahan dasar FR-Capsule dan FR-Charcoal terbukti mampu menurunkan kadar CO sebesar 86,8% dalam waktu kontak 120 menit dan NOx 89,7% dalam waktu kontak 30 menit pada sidestream smoke, dan kandungan CO turun sebesar 98,8% sedangkan NOx turun sebesar 100% pada waktu kontak 30 menit pada mainstream smoke.

Effects of the grade/price of and thickness of cigarette on the PM2.5 concentration of smoke

Background: Due to lower tar and nicotine, high grade/price and slim cigarette are believed as “safe cigarette” and cause less tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) advocated by cigarette producers. However, cigarette smokes comprise thousands of harmful constituents, only two substances cannot represent TSP. Then in this study, we wanted to discover if the grade/price and thickness of cigarette affect TSP.Methods: Slim (S) and regular (R) cigarette with different grades/prices were selected to investigate TSP via measurement PM2.5 in a closed chamber (1 m3). Sidestream smoke was collected through cigarette combustion. Mainstream smoke was collected using piston-operated smoking machine. Results: In sidestream smoke, cigarette grade/price did not affect PM2.5 of R or S cigarette. But in mainstream smoke, grade/price acted discrepancy roles in different thickness cigarette. In R cigarette, PM2.5 of lowest grade/price (R5) was lowest. While in S cigarette, PM2.5 of lowest grade/price (S5) was highest. Cigarette thickness obviously affected PM2.5. PM2.5 of R cigarette was 116% higher than S cigarette in sidestream. In mainstream smoke, magnification was down to 31%, despite PM2.5 of R cigarette was also higher.Conclusions: Irrespective of sidestream or mainstream smoke, the grade/price of cigarette did not obviously affect PM2.5. But which was significantly influenced by cigarette thickness. Although S cigarette PM2.5 was significantly lower than R cigarette, it cannot mean that S cigarette was less harmful. Because harmfulness of smoke was not only affected by cigarette but also by smoker inhale habits. It needs further experiments to evaluate the harmfulness of slim cigarette.

Hyperplasia of Wistar rat tongue mucosa due to exposure to cigarette side-stream smoke

Background: Hyperplasia, a condition whereby an excessive number of cells are produced due to their uncontrolled division, represents a common symptom of carcinogenesis. Cancer is a physical manifestation of cell malignancy resulting from abnormal proliferation. Globally, oral cancer currently constitutes the sixth largest lethal form of the condition. The most common etiology of oral cancer is tobacco of which cigarettes are the most popular related product. The health risks associated with cigarette smoke not only affect active smokers but also individuals who ingest it passively. Sidestream smoke comes from the lighted end of a burning tobacco product such as a cigarette, pipe or cigar and contains nicotine and many harmful cancer-causing chemicals. Inhaling sidestream smoke increases the risk of lung and other types of cancer. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand how sidestream cigarette smoke initiates precancerous changes, in this case hyperplasia, in the oral mucosa epithelium of Wistar rats. Methods: The subjects were divided into three groups, a 4-week treatment group (P1), an 8-week treatment group (P2), and a control group (K), each consisting of ten subjects. The subjects were exposed to a daily two-cigarette dose of smoke. The experiment used a post-test only control group design. All samples were sacrificed during the fourth and eighth weeks. Haematoxylin-eosin staining was performed on the tongues of the Wistar rats to establish the presence of hyperplasia. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Results: After the Wistar rats had been exposed to cigarette smoke, an increased degree of epithelial cell proliferation (hyperplasia) showed a significant difference with a p-value <0.05 during the eighth week. Conclusion: Exposure to cigarette sidestream smoke induces increased epithelial cell proliferation (hyperplasia) in Wistar rats.

dampak perokok pada kesehatan kardiorespi perokok pasif fk uns

Passive smoking means breathing in other people’s tobacco smoke. Exhaled smoke is called exhaled mainstream smoke. The smoke drifting from a lit cigarette is called sidestream smoke. The combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke is called second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Second-hand smoke is a serious health risk for both those who smoke and those who do not. Children are particularly at risk of serious health effects from second-hand smoke. Tobacco smoke contains around 7,000 chemicals, made up of particles and gases, over 70 of which are known to cause cancer. Second-hand smoke has been confirmed as a cause of lung cancer in humans by several leading health authorities. Compounds such as ammonia, sulphur and formaldehyde irritate the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. These compounds are especially harmful to people with respiratory conditions such as bronchitis or asthma. Exposure to second-hand smoke can trigger or worsen symptoms. Citing data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in 2011, the National Commission of Indonesia said 67 percent of adult men in Indonesia are active smokers and more than 85 percent or 44 million adults are exposed to secondhand smoke in public places. Whereas according to the 2001 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), more than 97 million Indonesians became passive smokers. Even though passive smokers have to bear the costs that are not small just because of exposure to other people's smoke.

A Simple Electrostatic Device for Eliminating Tobacco Sidestream Smoke to Prevent Passive Smoking

An electrostatic apparatus was constructed to capture tobacco sidestream smoke. This apparatus consisted of a perforated polypropylene plate with metal spikes and a grounded metal net arrayed in parallel at a defined interval. Spikes were negatively charged to positively polarize the net and an electric field was formed between the opposite charges of the spike tips and the grounded net. Discharge from the spike tips occurred, which depended on the pole distance and the voltage applied to the spikes. At lower voltages (<12.1 kV) that do not cause arc discharge from the tips, a corona discharge occurred with the generation of an ionic wind from the spiked plate to the net. This discharge increased in direct proportion to the applied voltage and relative humidity, while a larger corona discharge generated a stronger ionic wind. The ionic wind involved negative ions and the number of negative ions in the wind increased with increasing applied voltage. The optimal voltage (10 kV) generated sufficient negative ions to ionize smoke particles in the electric field, before the ionized smoke particles were successfully captured by the oppositely charged metal net. Thus, this study provides an experimental basis for the practical application of an electrostatic-based method to prevent the production of tobacco sidestream smoke that leads to passive smoking by non-smokers.