ON MIXED JOINT DISCRETE UNIVERSALITY FOR A CLASS OF ZETA-FUNCTIONS: A FURTHER GENERALIZATION

We present the most general at this moment results on the discrete mixed joint value-distribution (Theorems 5 and 6) and the universality property (Theorems 3 and 4) for the class of Matsumoto zeta-functions and periodic Hurwitz zeta-functions under certain linear independence condition on the relevant parameters, such as common differences of arithmetic progressions, prime numbers etc.

Causal Non-Symmetry

Causation is a non-symmetric rather than asymmetric relation. Different bases of causal non-symmetry include an asymmetry of overdetermination, the independence condition, and agency. Causal non-symmetry can be rooted in one or more of these three while also recognizing a fourth non-symmetry appealing to a primitive non-symmetric chance-raising. Each counts as an appropriate basis for causal non-symmetry because it is a (partial) realization of non-symmetric chance-raising. Key moves involve a refinement of how to understand the way in which the asymmetry of overdetermination works, and how it interacts with the revised similarity weighting, the contribution of the independence condition to a proper understanding of the transition period, the role that appeals to primitive non-symmetric chance-raising should play in the treatment of problem cases, the circumstances in which an appeal to an interlevel non-symmetry of agency may be appropriate, and the priority ordering of these various realizations of causal non-symmetry.

Pengaruh Kelembagaan, Pembiayaan, dan Kemandirian terhadap Kewirausahaan Petani Padi metode Hazton di Kabupaten Menpawah Kalimantan Barat

Menpawah Regency is the central potential for Hazton's cultivation to be developed. This must be demonstrated by the entrepreneurial spirit of farmers in their development. Therefore it is important to analyze how the influence of institutions, financing, and independence on entrepreneurship of rice farmers. The study was conducted on Hazton rice farmers. The sampling location was chosen purposively in the Hazton rice production center. The results showed that institutional, financing, and independence had a significant effect on entrepreneurship. The significance value is 0.002; 0,003; and 0.002. The value of the institutional odds ratio of 2.73 means that entrepreneurship is highly determined if the institutional conditions are 2.73 times. The value of the odds ratio of financing of 1.85 means that entrepreneurship is very determined by institutional conditions as much as 1.85 times. And the value of the odds ratio of independence of 2.68 means that entrepreneurship is very determined if the independence condition is 2.68 times.

A study in sums of products

We give a general version of cancellation in exponential sums that arise as sums of products of trace functions satisfying a suitable independence condition related to the Goursat–Kolchin–Ribet criterion, in a form that is easily applicable in analytic number theory.

Conditional independence and biscuit conditional questions in Dynamic Semantics

<p>Biscuit conditionals such as ‘If you are thirsty, there’s beer in the fridge.’ are felt different from canonical conditionals ‘If it’s raining, the fireworks will be cancelled.’ in that the consequent seems to be entailed regardless of the truth/falsity of the antecedent. Franke (2009) argues that the “feeling of the consequent entailment” in biscuit conditionals is due to the conditional independence between the antecedent and consequent; thus a uniform semantics for canonical and biscuit conditionals can be maintained. A question arises as to whether it is possible to derive the same consequent entailment in the framework of dynamic semantics.<br />Furthermore, there are some instances of biscuit conditional questions such as ‘If I get thirsty, is there anything in the fridge?’ This paper provides a dynamic and non-symmetric version of the independence condition, a d-independence condition which correctly derives the consequent entailment in both declaratives and interrogatives.</p>

Causal Discovery via Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Embeddings

Causal discovery via the asymmetry between the cause and the effect has proved to be a promising way to infer the causal direction from observations. The basic idea is to assume that the mechanism generating the cause distribution p(x) and that generating the conditional distribution p(y|x) correspond to two independent natural processes and thus p(x) and p(y|x) fulfill some sort of independence condition. However, in many situations, the independence condition does not hold for the anticausal direction; if we consider p(x, y) as generated via p(y)p(x|y), then there are usually some contrived mutual adjustments between p(y) and p(x|y). This kind of asymmetry can be exploited to identify the causal direction. Based on this postulate, in this letter, we define an uncorrelatedness criterion between p(x) and p(y|x) and, based on this uncorrelatedness, show asymmetry between the cause and the effect in terms that a certain complexity metric on p(x) and p(y|x) is less than the complexity metric on p(y) and p(x|y). We propose a Hilbert space embedding-based method EMD (an abbreviation for EMbeDding) to calculate the complexity metric and show that this method preserves the relative magnitude of the complexity metric. Based on the complexity metric, we propose an efficient kernel-based algorithm for causal discovery. The contribution of this letter is threefold. It allows a general transformation from the cause to the effect involving the noise effect and is applicable to both one-dimensional and high-dimensional data. Furthermore it can be used to infer the causal ordering for multiple variables. Extensive experiments on simulated and real-world data are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

SECURITY OF QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION

Quantum Information Theory is an area of physics which studies both fundamental and applied issues in quantum mechanics from an information-theoretical viewpoint. The underlying techniques are, however, often restricted to the analysis of systems which satisfy a certain independence condition. For example, it is assumed that an experiment can be repeated independently many times or that a large physical system consists of many virtually independent parts. Unfortunately, such assumptions are not always justified. This is particularly the case for practical applications — e.g. in quantum cryptography — where parts of a system might have an arbitrary and unknown behavior. We propose an approach which allows us to study general physical systems for which the above mentioned independence condition does not necessarily hold. It is based on an extension of various information-theoretical notions. For example, we introduce new uncertainty measures, called smooth min- and max-entropy, which are generalizations of the von Neumann entropy. Furthermore, we develop a quantum version of de Finetti's representation theorem, as described below. Consider a physical system consisting of n parts. These might, for instance, be the outcomes of n runs of a physical experiment. Moreover, we assume that the joint state of this n-partite system can be extended to an (n + k)-partite state which is symmetric under permutations of its parts (for some k ≫ 1). The de Finetti representation theorem then says that the original n-partite state is, in a certain sense, close to a mixture of product states. Independence thus follows (approximatively) from a symmetry condition. This symmetry condition can easily be met in many natural situations. For example, it holds for the joint state of n parts, which are chosen at random from an arbitrary (n + k)-partite system. As an application of these techniques, we prove the security of quantum key distribution (QKD), i.e. secret key agreement by communication over a quantum channel. In particular, we show that, in order to analyze QKD protocols, it is generally sufficient to consider so-called collective attacks, where the adversary is restricted to applying the same operation to each particle sent over the quantum channel separately. The proof is generic and thus applies to known protocols such as BB84 and B92 (where better bounds on the secret-key rate and on the the maximum tolerated noise level of the quantum channel are obtained) as well as to continuous variable schemes (where no full security proof has been known). Furthermore, the security holds with respect to a strong so-called universally composable definition. This implies that the keys generated by a QKD protocol can safely be used in any application, e.g. for one-time pad encryption — which, remarkably, is not the case for most standard definitions.

A Schanuel condition for Weierstrass equations

I prove a version of Schanuel's conjecture for Weierstrass equations in differential fields, answering a question of Zilber, and show that the linear independence condition in the statement cannot be relaxed.