Employment Creation through Credit: A Glimpse from Credit Program for Ultra-poor Households in Bangladesh

This paper examined the impact on employment of a credit plus program designed for ultra-poor households in the Northwest region of Bangladesh. Both descriptive and econometric techniques were used, and four regression models were estimated for each of the dependent variables with linear and log-lin specifications: one is a simple model considering only time effect and program effect, and the others were the extended models which included various characteristics of the households and the regions. The descriptive analysis showed that most of the beneficiary households had shifted from single earning members to multiple earning members. Women had started to contribute to household earnings. The results showed that the participant ultra-poor households had gained around 21.1% additional employment days due to the program participation opportunities within 2008-2013, with an annual rate of 4.2% gain. The extra earning days included wage-employment days and self-employment days and the results showed that due to the program, the wage-employment days had increased by 2.6% annually and the self-employment days increased by 6.6% annually holding the effects of other explanatory variables constant. The working days of non-participants had increased but at a lower rate than that of the program participant households. The results confirmed that the credit program for ultra-poor households had a significantly positive effect on the creation of employment days and employment opportunities.

Student Social Class Identity Development: A Perspective on Dual Credit Programming

Student social class identity development is a relatively unexamined aspect of student identity development throughout adolescents’ educational experiences. Negative student social class identity development amongst low-social class adolescent students is increasing along with the growth of dual credit programs. This article will first discuss several negative and positive influences of dual credit programs on adolescent students’ social class identity development. Suggestions of specific dual credit program procedures that may help encourage a more positive social class identity development amongst low-social class students will follow.

KINERJA, KENDALA, DAN STRATEGI PROGRAM KREDIT USAHA RAKYAT SEKTOR PERTANIAN KE DEPAN

<p class="A04-abstrak2">Agricultural funding institutions need capital business. The challenge of the Agriculture Sector Public Credit Program is to increase reach program, institutional regulations, empowerment, and synergy. Some of the problems of the Agriculture Sector Public Program include low absorption rates, schemes, program coverage, assistance, and institutions. Policy recommendations among others; increase people business credit proposals agricultural, provide the people business credit scheme with a base and groups like the farmer's group, involving Agribusiness Micro Finance Institution and cooperatives, extending branch of the bank and the of a companion. Recommendations empowerment and synergies between other; addition and strengthening the role of Independent Smallholder Financing Facilitator, special programs the agricultural sector (people plantation and holder livestock) with the ceiling adjusted to the proposal, joint responsibility, business partner, Independent Smallholder Financing Facilitator in Sector Public Credit Program special enough important. Cooperation with the Field Agriculture Extension necessary for the socialization is at the farmer's group and gapoktan. The technical team's provincial and district role is to performance monitoring Independent Smallholder Financing Facilitator.</p>

Adequacy, utilization and repayment of society for social service credit on poor women of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh

The present study was an attempt to assess adequacy, utilization and repayment of Society for Social Service (SSS) credit on women beneficiaries. Interviewing 90 respondents randomly selected from five villages of Gouripur upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. The study revealed that both annual income and expenditure of the respondent households have increased after joining the micro credit program of SSS. Average annual income of agriculture and petty business enterprises are Tk. 80726.57 and 74864.14 respectively while average annual expenditure of agriculture and petty business enterprises are Tk. 78776.65 and 67912.37 respectively. Overall annual savings of agriculture and petty business enterprises are Tk. 3733.25 and 8475.09 respectively. Moreover, the women are better at present in respect of social awareness, freedom of attitude, financial freedom and also exercising their right in decision making activities. The study identified some crucial problems such as lack of adequate credit, high rate of interest, burden of old debt, lack of storage and marketing facilities, lack of improved seeds/breed and low price of their products, etc. The findings suggest that the amount of credit should be provided in accordance with their requirement, reduced interest rate and arranging for reasonable price of their products. Finally it was concluded that the SSS credit program benefited the women beneficiaries in respect of increasing income, creating self-employment opportunity, improving social status and at least in reducing the poverty from the study area. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (1), 1-10