Middle Verbs and Their Acquisition

The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the L2 learners’ acquisition of middle constructions. One of the properties of middle constructions is that the subject of middle verbs must be a definite NP. Middle verbs can occur by revealing an intrinsic characteristic or property of the definite NP. In addition, middle verbs can only occur along with short adverbs such as well and easily. In this paper, we conduct a survey and evaluate the L2 learners’ responses to middle verbs. More specifically, we have examined how the L2 learners acquired the abstract constraint, the middle construction condition, the definite DP condition, and the adverb constraint. It is worth noting that 45% of the adult subjects acquired the definite condition, 32.5% of the L2 learners acquired the middle construction condition, 50% of the adult subjects acquired the abstract noun constraint, and 20% of the L2 learners acquired the adverb constraint. This in turn indicates that that the abstract noun constraint was first acquired by the adult subjects, followed by the definite DP condition, the middle construction condition, and the adverb constraint, in that order. With regard to middle verbs, it is significant to note that English are subject to the abstract noun constraint, the middle construction condition, the definite DP condition, and the adverb constraint, whereas Korean is not subject to the abstract noun constraint, the middle construction condition, and the definite DP condition. This in turn suggests that Korean is a superset language, compared to English. Thus, learning difficulty arises. Finally, this paper argues that unlike Chomsky’s UG hypothesis (Chomsky 1981, 1982, 2019a, 2019b), the L2 learners looked for similarities between L1 and L2 and thus relied on their L1.

KETAKSAMAAN INTEGRAL GRONWALL-BELLMAN UNTUK FUNGSI BERPANGKAT

Integral inequality of Gronwall-Bellman is known as an integral inequality which consists of differential and integral forms. Integral inequality of Gronwall-Bellman involving several functions that some definite condition hold and integral values of these functions. In addition, the integral inequality of Gronwall-Bellman shows that if a function is bounded to a certain integral values then that function is also bounded for the other conditions, that is the exponential of integral. Furthermore, by adding some specific conditions the integral inequality of Gronwall-Bellman can be extended to the case of power functions.

Transforming Model from Vague Set to Fuzzy Set Based on the DWCO Operator

In the research on transforming vague set to fuzzy set, it is the key question to carry on the judgment to the vague-degree's tendentiousness. Vague set's vague-degree expresses one kind of indefinite degree, therefore the question transforming vague set to fuzzy set may regard as the venture decision under the definite condition. When the policy-maker carries on the venture decision, the policy-maker's risk preferences decided by the subjective and objective condition is a very essential policy-making parameter. In this paper, introduce the risk-income balancing weight into the transforming model, thus enable reflect the policy-maker's risk preferences well in the transforming result. In addition, decompose the value of fuzzy set's membership degree into the following two parts: the value of vague set's real membership degree, the weighting sum of the risk value and the tendency value.

Vampirism—Legendary or Clinical Phenomenon?

In this paper I shall consider the extent to which there are any substantial grounds for suggesting that there is a definite condition which some authorities have described as ‘clinical vampirism’. Such a condition, if indeed it can be said to exist, needs to be seen, not only against a background of various vampire myths and beliefs, but within the wider anthropological context of blood beliefs and rituals. Thus, in order to examine this topic we must be prepared to engage the subject matter of anthropology, mythology, folklore and demonology, as well as those disciplines that concern themselves more specifically with seriously pathological behaviour (such as forensic medicine, forensic pathology, forensic psychiatry and psychology).