Research of the drawing of bars plate in the refiners

Object of research of article is the drawing of bars plate in the refiners at refining of chips and wood pulp. On the basis of the theory of contact interaction of bars influence of the drawing of plate on characteristics of contact processes is investigated. The friction coefficient between plate decreases at increase in density of contact of bars. At increase in an angle of crossing of bars rotor and stator and refining of pulp with concentration up to 6% the coefficient of friction decreases. At increase in an angle of crossing of bars chips and pulp with concentration over 10% the coefficient of friction increases. Therefore it is recommended to increase the angle of crossing of bars rotor and stator at refining of pulp of low concentration, and at refining of pulp of concentration over 10% and chips - to reduce, up to a radial arrangement.

Influence of Dispersive Long-range Interactions on Properties of Vapour–liquid Equilibria and Interfaces of Binary Lennard-Jones Mixtures

Liquid lubricants play an important role in contact processes; for example, they reduce friction and cool the contact zone. To gain better understanding of the influence of lubrication on the nanoscale, both dry and lubricated scratching processes in a model system are compared in the present work using molecular dynamics simulations. The entire range between total dewetting and total wetting is investigated by tuning the solid–fluid interaction energy. The investigated scratching process consists of three sequential movements: A cylindrical indenter penetrates an initially flat substrate, then scratches in the lateral direction, and is finally retracted out of the contact with the substrate. The indenter is fully submersed in the fluid in the lubricated cases. The substrate, the indenter, and the fluid are described by suitably parametrized Lennard–Jones model potentials. The presence of the lubricant is found to have a significant influence on the friction and on the energy balance of the process. The thermodynamic properties of the lubricant are evaluated in detail. A correlation of the simulation results for the profiles of the temperature, density, and pressure of the fluid in the vicinity of the chip is developed. The work done by the indenter is found to mainly dissipate and thereby heat up the substrate and eventually the fluid. Only a minor part of the work causes plastic deformation of the substrate.

The Influence of Lubrication and the Solid-fluid Interaction on Thermodynamic Properties in a Nanoscopic Scratching Process

Liquid lubricants play an important role in contact processes; for example, they reduce friction and cool the contact zone. To gain better understanding of the influence of lubrication on the nanoscale, both dry and lubricated scratching processes in a model system are compared in the present work using molecular dynamics simulations. The entire range between total dewetting and total wetting is investigated by tuning the solid–fluid interaction energy. The investigated scratching process consists of three sequential movements: A cylindrical indenter penetrates an initially flat substrate, then scratches in the lateral direction, and is finally retracted out of the contact with the substrate. The indenter is fully submersed in the fluid in the lubricated cases. The substrate, the indenter, and the fluid are described by suitably parametrized Lennard–Jones model potentials. The presence of the lubricant is found to have a significant influence on the friction and on the energy balance of the process. The thermodynamic properties of the lubricant are evaluated in detail. A correlation of the simulation results for the profiles of the temperature, density, and pressure of the fluid in the vicinity of the chip is developed. The work done by the indenter is found to mainly dissipate and thereby heat up the substrate and eventually the fluid. Only a minor part of the work causes plastic deformation of the substrate.

Sociolinguistic Aspects and Language Contact: Evidence from Francoprovençal of Apulia

The aim of this paper is to investigate two Francoprovençal speaking communities in the Italian region of Apulia, Faeto and Celle di St. Vito. Despite the regional neighborhood of the two towns, and their common isolation from other Francoprovençal speaking communities, their sociolinguistic conditions are deeply different. They differ in reference to the functional distribution of the languages of the repertoire and speakers’ language uses, and in reference to the degree of ‘permeability’ of Francoprovençal varieties towards Italian and its dialects. The repertoire composition and the relationship between the codes have a key role both for minority language maintenance and for language contact processes. In this perspective, I analyse some language contact phenomena in a sample of speakers discourse. I report correlations between the choice of different code-mixing strategies and three sociolinguistic variables (age, sex and village), but not with occupation.

Invariant measures of interacting particle systems: Algebraic aspects

Consider a continuous time particle system ηt = (ηt(k), k ∈ 𝕃), indexed by a lattice 𝕃 which will be either ℤ, ℤ∕nℤ, a segment {1, ⋯ , n}, or ℤd, and taking its values in the set Eκ𝕃 where Eκ = {0, ⋯ , κ − 1} for some fixed κ ∈{∞, 2, 3, ⋯ }. Assume that the Markovian evolution of the particle system (PS) is driven by some translation invariant local dynamics with bounded range, encoded by a jump rate matrix ⊤. These are standard settings, satisfied by the TASEP, the voter models, the contact processes. The aim of this paper is to provide some sufficient and/or necessary conditions on the matrix ⊤ so that this Markov process admits some simple invariant distribution, as a product measure (if 𝕃 is any of the spaces mentioned above), the law of a Markov process indexed by ℤ or [1, n] ∩ ℤ (if 𝕃 = ℤ or {1, …, n}), or a Gibbs measure if 𝕃 = ℤ/nℤ. Multiple applications follow: efficient ways to find invariant Markov laws for a given jump rate matrix or to prove that none exists. The voter models and the contact processes are shown not to possess any Markov laws as invariant distribution (for any memory m). (As usual, a random process X indexed by ℤ or ℕ is said to be a Markov chain with memory m ∈ {0, 1, 2, ⋯ } if ℙ(Xk ∈ A | Xk−i, i ≥ 1) = ℙ(Xk ∈ A | Xk−i, 1 ≤ i ≤ m), for any k.) We also prove that some models close to these models do. We exhibit PS admitting hidden Markov chains as invariant distribution and design many PS on ℤ2, with jump rates indexed by 2 × 2 squares, admitting product invariant measures.