Evaluasi Ekonomi Parsial antara Pemberian Terapi Rivaroxaban dan Terapi Kombinasi (Unfractionated Heparin + Warfarin) untuk Pengobatan Trombosis Vena Dalam pada Pasien Kanker di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais

Abstrak Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, diketahui bahwa terapi rivaroxaban memiliki beberapa kelebihan dibandingkan dengan terapi kombinasi (UFH+warfarin) untuk pengobatan trombosis vena dalam (deep vein thrombosis/DVT). Akan tetapi, masih sedikit dokter di RS Kanker Dharmais yang memberikan terapi rivaroxaban untuk pengobatan DVT. Penelitian evaluasi ekonomi parsial ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis outcome dan besarnya biaya yang dibutuhkan dari perspektif rumah sakit antara pemberian terapi rivaroxaban dan terapi kombinasi (UFH+warfarin) untuk pengobatan DVT pada pasien kanker di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais tahun 2016 – 2018. Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif dengan unit analisis individu. Karena keterbatasan jumlah pasien yang mendapatkan terapi rivaroxaban selama 3 – 6 bulan, studi ini menganalisis biaya dan outcome dari pasien yang mendapatkan terapi selama 1 bulan. Outcome yang diukur adalah intermediate outcome, yang meliputi lama hari rawat, kesembuhan, dan kejadian perdarahan. Biaya dihitung berdasarkan biaya yang dibebankan kepada pasien (charge), yang meliputi biaya obat, pemeriksaan penunjang, tindakan, serta administrasi dan akomodasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk outcome terapi rivaroxaban, sebagian besar pasien tidak mendapatkan perawatan rawat inap, 40% pasien dinyatakan sembuh dari DVT, dan tidak ada pasien yang mengalami kejadian perdarahan. Rata-rata biaya terapi rivaroxaban adalah Rp 7.169.383,00 per pasien. Untuk outcome terapi kombinasi (UFH+warfarin), sebagian besar pasien memiliki lama hari rawat antara 8 – 14 hari, 46% pasien dinyatakan sembuh dari DVT, dan tidak ada pasien yang mengalami kejadian perdarahan. Rata-rata biaya terapi kombinasi (UFH+warfarin) adalah Rp 11.878.813,00 per pasien.Abstract Based on previous studies, rivaroxaban therapy has several advantages compared to combination therapy (UFH+warfarin) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, the use of rivaroxaban in Dharmais Cancer Hospital is still low. This partial economic evaluation study aims to analyze cost and outcome of rivaroxaban therapy and combination therapy (UFH+warfarin) for DVT treatment in cancer patients at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital during 2016 – 2018. Data collection was done using cohort-retrospective and individual unit of analysis. Due to limited number of patient treated with rivaroxaban therapy within 3-6 months, we estimated the cost and outcome related to patients who were successfully treated in one month. The outcome was the intermediate outcome, i.e length of stay, recovery, and the occurrence of bleeding. The cost was calculated based on hospital perspective including drugs, laboratory tests, procedures, as well as the administrative and accommodation costs. The results showed that patients with rivaroxaban therapy were not admitted to inpatient care, 40% of patients were recovered from DVT, and none of the patients experienced bleeding. The average cost of rivaroxaban therapy to reach the expected outcome was Rp 8,824,791.00. The study also showed that patients with combination therapy (UFH+warfarin) had a hospital length of stay between 8 to 14 days, 46% of patients were recovered from DVT, and none of the patients experienced bleeding. The average cost of combination therapy (UFH+warfarin) to reach the expected outcome was Rp 13,201,698.00.

Sense of agency for future-directed intentions: Intentional binding for intermediate outcomes

Intentions can be present-directed or future-directed. Given that previous studies have primarily focused on understanding present-directed intentions, we studied sense of agency (SoA) for future-directed intentions by focusing on intermediate action-outcome events. The intermediate outcome exactly predicted the final perceptual outcome. We hypothesized that if SoA is conceptualized as tracking control, then IB (an implicit measure of SoA) should be present even at intermediate stages i.e. between initial action and appearance of intermediate outcome, which was associated with the intended outcome. In addition, we hypothesized faster response times for those intermediate outcome events that predicted the intended outcome. We also manipulated the contingency between intended outcome and intermediate outcome. We found as hypothesized a main effect of intention on interval judgement and reaction time for the intermediate outcome. Durations were judged shorter (more IB) for the intermediate outcome that predicted the intended outcome. The results support accounts of SoA that emphasize tracking control and the presence of IB for intermediate outcomes can be explained through post-dictive mechanisms.