Species Diversity and Carbon Stock Assessments in Mangrove dan Buffer Zone Conservation Areas, West Papua, Indonesia

Global warming is the foremost natural issue nowadays. the number of community or companies that are beginning to not consider natural standards is accelerating global warming. PT Pertamina Refinery Unit VII Kasim with a mangrove conservation area and buffer zone has a role in reducing the impact of global warming. This can be a potential for carbon stock and absorption in conservation areas. Carbon research can also be linked to world carbon trading, as a form of commitment from a country that does not have forests. This study aims to determine the results of carbon stock and absorption in the mangrove area and buffer zone. This research was conducted in July 2021 in the company's conservation area. The diversity of species mangrove with 5 results and 13 species in bufferzone areas. The carbon results obtained, that the two conservation areas have great potential in absorbing and storing carbon. The result of carbon stock in the mangrove area is 32.93 tons/ha and in the buffer zone area is 588.86 tons/ha. While the carbon absorption in the mangrove ecosystem is 8.97 tons/ha and in the buffer zone area is 160.45 tons/ha. In carbon trading, the Pertamina RU VII Program has the potential to contribute to the country as much as (1.6 billion).

Ethno-bamboo Approaches to the Pala’wan in the Mangrove Area of Palawan Island, the Philippines

Bamboo is an important resource in Southeast Asia, which is a hotspot of bamboo species diversity globally, and has historically contributed to livelihoods in various environments. Subsistence livelihoods are still widely found in Southeast Asia, especially in isolated villages, and various kinds of plant resources, including bamboo, support local livelihoods. Understanding the relationship between human society and plants is important to understand the historical process of expansion and adaptation of human society in Southeast Asia; however, despite its importance, information on bamboo utilization remains limited. A field survey was conducted in a village located in the mangrove area of Palawan Island, the Philippines. The residents were the Pala’wan. Data was obtained through participatory observation and interview survey to at least 30 villagers. In the village, 10 bamboo species, both wild and cultivated, were utilized for various purposes, with a large and specific demand for bamboo of cultivated species. These species are medium to large in size, and some are distributed widely both inmainland and insular Southeast Asia. These bamboo species are considered to have been brought by Southeast Asian people along with other useful plants and have adapted to the new environment. To understand the long-term relationship between Asian people and plants, it is necessary to consider bamboo, and multidisciplinary integration of knowledge, which can be called as the “ethno-bamboo approach,” can uncover new aspects of this relationship.

QUANTIFIACAÇÃO DA SUPRESSÃO DE UMA ÁREA DE MANGUEZAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE VITÓRIA, ES, DEVIDO À EXPANSÃO URBANA DO BAIRRO MARIA ORTIZ

In view of the increase in population and the need for housing, natural and / or preservation areas are being replaced by large cities. It was analyzed about the suppression of natural environments, such as the loss of a parcel of mangrove that occurred to originate the Maria Ortiz neighborhood — Vitória / ES. In order to observe and quantify such losses, verify if such action continues to happen and the scenario of the time for the population to accomplish this feat. Therefore, it was necessary to survey historical data from the region under study and documentary research in georeferenced images from different decades for comparison purposes. Then, a case study was carried out based on the content of the materials obtained. In view of this, it appears that when comparing the images, a very significant loss of mangrove area over the decades and an accelerated evolution of the Maria Ortiz neighborhood regarding urban expansion, thus realizing that the neighborhood emerged from the extinction of a parcel area protected by law.

Komunitas Gastropoda Mangrove di Sungai Perpat dan Bunting, Kecamatan Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka

<strong>Mangrove gastropod community in Perpat and Bunting Rivers, Belinyu District, Bangka Regency</strong>. Perpat and Bunting in Bangka Regency have an adequate and natural mangrove ecosystems. However, studies on the structure of the gastropod community in this ecosystem is lacking. This study aimed to discover the structure of the gastropod community in the mangrove ecosystem. This study was carried out from October to November 2019 in riverine mangrove area located in Perpat and Bunting Rivers, District Belinyu, Bangka Regency. Samples were taken from 10 x 10 m plot from six observed stations. A total of 578 individuals of gastropoda were collected, comprised of seven families and 14 species. Number of species ranged from 4 to 9, while number of individuals ranged from 35 to 214. <em>Cerithidea quoyii</em> was a dominant species with 270 individuals (47%) and found in all stations. Gastropods community was in labile condition and prone to environmental change. Species composition of gastropods were similar in both rivers with nine identical species. However, epifaunal species were found separately from arboreal species

MDPrePost-Net: A Spatial-Spectral-Temporal Fully Convolutional Network for Mapping of Mangrove Degradation Affected by Hurricane Irma 2017 Using Sentinel-2 Data

Mangroves are grown in intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical climate areas, which have many benefits for humans and ecosystems. The knowledge of mangrove conditions is essential to know the statuses of mangroves. Recently, satellite imagery has been widely used to generate mangrove and degradation mapping. Sentinel-2 is a volume of free satellite image data that has a temporal resolution of 5 days. When Hurricane Irma hit the southwest Florida coastal zone in 2017, it caused mangrove degradation. The relationship of satellite images between pre and post-hurricane events can provide a deeper understanding of the degraded mangrove areas that were affected by Hurricane Irma. This study proposed an MDPrePost-Net that considers images before and after hurricanes to classify non-mangrove, intact/healthy mangroves, and degraded mangroves classes affected by Hurricane Irma in southwest Florida using Sentinel-2 data. MDPrePost-Net is an end-to-end fully convolutional network (FCN) that consists of two main sub-models. The first sub-model is a pre-post deep feature extractor used to extract the spatial–spectral–temporal relationship between the pre, post, and mangrove conditions after the hurricane from the satellite images and the second sub-model is an FCN classifier as the classification part from extracted spatial–spectral–temporal deep features. Experimental results show that the accuracy and Intersection over Union (IoU) score by the proposed MDPrePost-Net for degraded mangrove are 98.25% and 96.82%, respectively. Based on the experimental results, MDPrePost-Net outperforms the state-of-the-art FCN models (e.g., U-Net, LinkNet, FPN, and FC-DenseNet) in terms of accuracy metrics. In addition, this study found that 26.64% (41,008.66 Ha) of the mangrove area was degraded due to Hurricane Irma along the southwest Florida coastal zone and the other 73.36% (112,924.70 Ha) mangrove area remained intact.

Mapping mangrove distribution using remote sensing technology in Harapan, Kelapa and Pamegaran Seribu Islands National Park

The existence of mangrove ecosystems is increasingly threatened due to the rapid development of tourist destinations and the increasing number of residents in Harapan, Kelapa and Pamegaran island, so that monitoring of mangrove ecosystems is necessary. The purpose of the research is to map the distribution of mangroves using remote sensing technology in Harapan, Kelapa and Pamegaran island. The field survey was conducted on April 1-10, 2021, taking 189 sample points using a hemispherical photography method. The maximum likelihood classification method is used to classify mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an algorithm used to calculate vegetation indexes from satellite imagery. The Sentinel-2A image was classified into 3 classes of mangrove density, namely dense, moderate, and rare density classes, with the dominant class being the dense class. The total mangrove area on Pamegaran Island in 2015 amounted to 1.81 ha and the total mangrove area in 2021 amounted to 2.97 ha. The area of mangrove distribution in Harapan and Kelapa Island in 2015 amounted to 4.1 ha and in 2021 amounted to 6.56 ha. Mangrove density classification accuracy test using confusion matrix showed an accuracy of 82.95%.

The Diversity and Conservation Status of Snakes in Rawa Mekar Jaya, Riau, Indonesia

Snakes in Mekar Jaya mangrove ecosystem have the potential be ecotourism objects. On the other hand ecotourism activities might reduce the quality of wildlife habitat, including that of the snake. This study aimed to determine the diversity and status of snake species in the mangrove ecosystem of Rawa Mekar Jaya. A transect of 20 x 50 m was made in three stations: rivers (S1), ecotourism route (S2), and dense mangroves (S3). The observation was carried out at low tide and repeated three times with a span of 2 days. Snake data was collected using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method. We revealed 59 snakes in the mangrove area of Rawa Mekar Jaya consisting of 3 species namely Boiga dendrophila, Cerberus rynchops, and Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus. B. dendrophila and C. rhyncops are mangrove specialists. The Shannon Wiener diversity index value (H ') for all observation stations is below one, so it is classified as low. All types of snakes found are not protected and classified as the least concern. C. rynchops is included in the CITES appendix III

Chlorophyll a concentration of Phytoplankton in Estuary Mangrove Kurau, Bangka Tengah, Indonesia

Chlorophyll a is bound within microalgae and other phytoplankton found in surface seawater. Chlorophyll is an important biochemical component in the molecular apparatus of microalgae that is responsible for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process whereby phytoplankton use sunlight energy and dissolved nutrients to convert inorganic carbon to organic compounds and releasing oxygen. The objective of this research was to analyze chlorophyll a concentration of phytoplankton in estuary mangrove area in Kurau, Bangka Tengah, Indonesia. The research was carried out in estuary area that is mangrove Kurau, Bangka Tengah, Indonesia. Chlorophyll a concentration was determine using spectrophotometer methode. The chlorophyll a concentration and sea water parameters were recorded for all stations. The area was devided into four research sites. Based on the data, chlorophyll a concentrations were between 0.00587 mg/L – 0.00117 mg/L. It was considered low rate chlorophyll a concentration since lack of light penetration in the research area.

The Analysis of Mangrove Area as a Marine Eco-Fisherytourism Area in Luwu Regency South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Marine eco-fisherytourism is an approach to balancing the existing natural environments and conservation efforts to managing mangrove resources and exploring mangrove areas based on the adapting of silvofishery system support successfully the sustainable forest production. This study investigated the sustainability and profitability of mangrove areas by growing and expanding marine eco-fisherytourism areas. An observational study, intensive individual assessment using role-specific questions to the community around the mangrove area, local government, non-governmental organizations, and community leaders; and High-Resolution Satellite Imagery from Bing Maps, Google Maps, and Aerial Drone Photography has been collected. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, dan Threats (SWOT) analysis is suggested to determine how the productivity of mangrove forests development contributes to marine eco-fisherytourism. This analysis shows that the internal factors analysis strategy (IFAS) is approximately 1,09 while the external factors analysis strategy (EFAS) slightly drops to -1,38. Diversification strategy indicates innovation gains across internal factors to reduce external factors. Integrating mangrove forest areas like cultivation, silvofishery, ecotourism areas; involving local communities, community leaders, and stakeholders in planning, implementation, evaluation, and conservation for the development ecotourism; supporting infrastructure mangrove ecotourism visitors, and together with the community in conducting innovation/diversification of management based on the utilization and conservation of mangrove resources.