La originalidad de la economía marginalista de Jeremy Bentham

In this paper, we present some Bentham’s theory features that make him precursor of marginalist economics. The author described the ideas of decreasing marginal utility and equimarginality, he made a commodity classification that distinguished between an upper and a lower class of goods depending on the proximity to use and his defi-nition of property as an expectation of possession lead him to develop an economic theory based on individual information search. At the same time, he attached special importance to the figure of the innovative entrepreneur and described the market as a discovery process in which the central agent is the entrepreneur. Key words: Bentham, marginalist economics, entrepreneur. Clasificación JEL: B12. Resumen: En este artículo, se demuestra que la teoría de Jeremy Bentham es precursora de la economía marginalista. El autor intro-dujo las ideas de utilidad marginal decreciente, la equimarginalidad en el intercambio, realizó una clasificación entre bienes superiores e inferiores y su definición de la propiedad como una expectativa de pose-sión le llevó a desarrollar una teoría económica basada en la búsqueda individual de información. Así mismo, dio especial importancia a la figura del empresario innovador y describió el mercado como un pro-ceso de descubrimiento en que el agente central es el empresario. Palabras clave: Bentham, economía marginalista, empresario.

Specific Methodology for Forensic Commodity Examinations of Jewelry and Gemstones on the Documents

A sequence and the main stages of the commodity examination of jewelry and gemstones to determine their market value basing on the information contained in the materials given to an expert are proposed, characteristic features of gemstones expertise are highlighted. The legal framework for jewelry and gemstones trade in the Russian Federation, the regulatory requirements to their marking, the requirements to the consignment notes as well as the methods of expert investigation are outlined. A commodity classification for jewelry made of precious metals including those using gemstones is proposed. Particular examples of jewelry and gemstones examinations in different research situations are provided.

Do EU and US GSPs matter for the cotton and textiles products exports of Pakistan?

Purpose This study aims to estimate and compare the effect of EU and US GSP schemes on the cotton and textile sectors of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The analysis used data from 2003 to 2014 for all the 14 categories of cotton and textile products at two-digit using HS commodity classification. Effects of the EU and US GSPs are estimated using a gravity trade model. Findings Both the concessions are statistically significant determinants of wadding and nonwoven special yarn, articles of apparel-knitted, articles of apparel-not-knitted and made-up textiles sectors. In the rest of the sectors, the results are a mix. Among these, EU GSP is a statistically significant determinant of wool and animal hair and manmade filaments yarn exports, while the US GSP is important for the exports of cotton yarn and woven fabrics, manmade staple fibers, carpets, impregnated fiber and knitted or crocheted fabrics. Originality/value The research contributes in two major ways. First, it estimates the effects of EU and US GSPs on the textile sector of Pakistan while controlling for the effect of tariffs. Second, the study tests joint hypotheses about the role of EU and US GSPs in the cotton and textile products exports of Pakistan.