Gas Pressure Cycling (GPC) and Solvent-Assisted Gas Pressure Cycling (SA-GPC) Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes in a Thin Heavy Oil Reservoir

In this paper, gas pressure cycling (GPC) and solvent-assisted gas pressure cycling (SA-GPC) were developed as two new and effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Eight coreflood tests were conducted by using a 2-D rectangular sandpacked physical model with a one or two-well configuration. More specifically, two cyclic solvent injection (CSI), three GPC, and three SA-GPC tests were conducted after the primary production, whose pressure was declined in steps from Pi = 3.0 MPa to Pf = 0.2 MPa. It was found that the CSI tests had poor performances because of the known CSI technical shortcomings and an additional technical issue of solvent trapping found in this study. Quick heavy oil viscosity regainment resulted in the solvent-trapping zone. In contrast, C3H8-GPC test at a pressure depletion step size of ∆PEOR = 0.5 MPa and C3H8-SA-CO2-GPC test at ∆PEOR = 1.0 MPa had the highest total heavy oil recovery factors (RFs) of 41.9% and 36.6% of the original oil-in-place (OOIP) among the two respective series of GPC and SA-GPC tests. The better performances of these two tests than C3H8- or CO2-CSI test were attributed to the effective displacement of the foamy oil toward the producer in the two-well configuration. Thus the back-and-forth movements of the foamy oil in CSI test in the one-well configuration were eliminated in these GPC and SA-GPC tests. Furthermore, C3H8-GPC test outperformed C3H8-SA-CO2-GPC test in terms of the heavy oil RF and cumulative gas-oil ratio (cGOR) because of the formation of stronger foamy-oil flow and the absence of CO2, which reduced the solubility of C3H8 in the heavy oil in the latter test. In summary, different solvent-based EOR processes were ranked based on the heavy oil RFs as follows: C3H8-GPC > C3H8-SA-CO2-GPC > CO2-GPC > C3H8-CSI > CO2-CSI.

Photochemical Behaviour of Carbamates Structurally Related to Herbicides in Aqueous Media: Nucleophilic Solvent Trapping versus Radical Reactions

Irradiation ofN-arylO-aryl carbamates has been carried out in H2O/CH3CN (1 : 1 v/v) solutions atλ>290 nm. When chlorine is on theN-aryl ring, halogen-substituted products are found. These photoproducts derive from the trapping of the intermediate radical cation by water and, even, by acetonitrile leading to phenols andN-arylacetamides (photo-Ritter products), respectively. UnsubstitutedN-aryl carbamates slowly undergo photo-Fries reaction.