The Development of Respiratory System Teaching Material Supplement as a Caring Form of the Dangers of E-Cigarettes for Health

Based on KD (Basic Competence) 3.8 and 4.8 of class XI curriculum 2013 in respiration system material, in learning must be started from relevant facts often faced by students, one of which is in the subject of respiratory system disorders. Along with the development of age, respiratory system disorders caused by exposure to cigarettes are a problem that often occurs in adolescents. So, it is necessary to supplement teaching materials that support the main teaching materials to achieve these learning goals. The purpose of this study is to analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of supplementary respiratory system teaching materials developed. The research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method based on 10 steps of R & D research in Sugiyono (2015). The test and indicators for determining the feasibility and effectiveness of supplementary teaching materials are (1) feasibility tests include the study test and readability test each ≥ 51%, (2) test the effectiveness in improving learning outcomes with classical completeness test ≥ 70% of students who achieved a value of ≥ 70, medium to high N-gain test, and sensitivity index items ≥ 0.30, (3) effectiveness test in growing students' caring attitudes students with the percentage scale score of caring attitude ≥ 51%. The results show that the feasibility test is obtained by a 95% review test and 93% readability test, the effectiveness test for improving learning outcomes showed 87.5% of classical completeness results, N-gain score 0.7 (high), item sensitivity index questions 0.4 (sensitive), the effectiveness test in growing caring attitude shows overall on the caring criteria (there are 2 students or 6.25%) and very caring (there are 30 students or 93.75%). The conclusions in this study are respiration system supplementary material as supplementary teaching material is appropriate and effective in improving learning outcomes and also effectively fostering caring attitudes of students towards the dangers of e-cigarettes for health.

Comparison of Self-Reported Telephone Interviewing and Web-Based Survey Responses: Findings From the Second Australian Young and Well National Survey

Background Web-based self-report surveying has increased in popularity, as it can rapidly yield large samples at a low cost. Despite this increase in popularity, in the area of youth mental health, there is a distinct lack of research comparing the results of Web-based self-report surveys with the more traditional and widely accepted computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). Objective The Second Australian Young and Well National Survey 2014 sought to compare differences in respondent response patterns using matched items on CATI versus a Web-based self-report survey. The aim of this study was to examine whether responses varied as a result of item sensitivity, that is, the item’s susceptibility to exaggeration on underreporting and to assess whether certain subgroups demonstrated this effect to a greater extent. Methods A subsample of young people aged 16 to 25 years (N=101), recruited through the Second Australian Young and Well National Survey 2014, completed the identical items on two occasions: via CATI and via Web-based self-report survey. Respondents also rated perceived item sensitivity. Results When comparing CATI with the Web-based self-report survey, a Wilcoxon signed-rank analysis showed that respondents answered 14 of the 42 matched items in a significantly different way. Significant variation in responses (CATI vs Web-based) was more frequent if the item was also rated by the respondents as highly sensitive in nature. Specifically, 63% (5/8) of the high sensitivity items, 43% (3/7) of the neutral sensitivity items, and 0% (0/4) of the low sensitivity items were answered in a significantly different manner by respondents when comparing their matched CATI and Web-based question responses. The items that were perceived as highly sensitive by respondents and demonstrated response variability included the following: sexting activities, body image concerns, experience of diagnosis, and suicidal ideation. For high sensitivity items, a regression analysis showed respondents who were male (beta=−.19, P=.048) or who were not in employment, education, or training (NEET; beta=−.32, P=.001) were significantly more likely to provide different responses on matched items when responding in the CATI as compared with the Web-based self-report survey. The Web-based self-report survey, however, demonstrated some evidence of avidity and attrition bias. Conclusions Compared with CATI, Web-based self-report surveys are highly cost-effective and had higher rates of self-disclosure on sensitive items, particularly for respondents who identify as male and NEET. A drawback to Web-based surveying methodologies, however, includes the limited control over avidity bias and the greater incidence of attrition bias. These findings have important implications for further development of survey methods in the area of health and well-being, especially when considering research topics (in this case diagnosis, suicidal ideation, sexting, and body image) and groups that are being recruited (young people, males, and NEET).

Validity and reliability of the PDCB: a tool for the assessment of caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease

ABSTRACTBackground: Existing instruments for caregiver burden assessment are not specific or sensitive to various aspects of caring for patients with Parkinson's disease. A better understanding of burden may enhance patient care and improve health of both patient and caregiver. The goal of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Parkinson's Disease Caregiver Burden (PDCB) questionnaire, a novel instrument designed to appraise more accurately the burden experienced by caregivers in the setting of Parkinson's disease.Methods: Common sources of distress for caregivers were taken from discussions with Parkinson's disease patients, caregivers, and clinicians, and used as the foundation of the PDCB questionnaire items. Fifty patients and their respective caregivers were recruited from three specialist movement disorder clinics. Caregiver burden in the sample was gauged with the PDCB scale and the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). Item sensitivity and questionnaire validity were assessed.Results: In this pilot analysis, the PDCB questionnaire was found to be feasible and reliable. Strong correlations were found between the PDCB questionnaire and the CBI. The PDCB questionnaire contained more relevant items for this population compared with the CBI.Conclusion: Strong initial feasibility, reliability, validity, and sensitivity for the PDCB questionnaire were demonstrated. With further evaluation and development, the PDCB questionnaire may prove to be a valuable supplementary tool to the existing CBI or a standalone instrument for use in the setting of Parkinson's disease.