War’s Distinctive Immorality

This response takes up some of the central themes raised by the commentators, working from the most general to the most specific. Ripstein responds to the suggestion that category-based reasoning is empty or irrelevant, and then turns his attention to clarifying the difference between prohibitions and permissions, considering the additional in bello rules of necessity and proportionality. Next, he addresses questions about why defensive war is the basic case for thinking about whether someone is part of the war, and the specific prohibition of perfidy. Only then does he take up two topics mentioned only in passing in the lectures: the role of international institutions, and the relevance of a state-focused account of war in the context of non-international armed conflict.

ملامح المصطلح السيميائي في التراث العربي

Language undoubtedly its a means of communication among the individuals of society. Arabic constitutes a basic case in the attempt grasp its essences and variety in the frame of what is known and linguistic and non-linguistic signs. It occupies a big space in the attention of many Arab studies contemporarily and in the past. This is because it contains a lot of vocabularies, symbols, sounds and signs if need emerged to try to understand it. They are commonly referred to as linguistic and non-linguistic signs. However, their interest did not lead them to establishing theoretical rules and basics contrary to the westerners who established them as well as the terms under the name of semiology which han many fruits thanks to profound studies with certain outsets according to different bases. Hence the following problem can be set forth: What is the semiology in terms of linguistic and terminological concept? What is the subject of semiology as a humanistic field?Where are the features of semiological thinking in Arabic heritage?

Welfare across the Lifespan

This chapter considers how welfare or advantage ought to be distributed within a single lifespan, rather than between lives. A possibility is that people can make up for a bad childhood via compensating factors in adulthood, and thus there is no need to prioritise the interests of children. Through a consideration of what are termed ‘the intrinsic goods of childhood’ I make the argument that there is a basic case for seeing the start of a person’s life as the most important life stage, because gains in childhood are by their nature longer lasting and likely to lead to further advantages later in life. This provides a powerful, though potentially outweighed, reason for thinking that justice requires devoting more attention and resources to children than is recognised by most accounts.

A happy choice: wellbeing as the goal of government

In this article, we lay out the basic case for wellbeing as the goal of government. We briefly review the history of this idea, which goes back to the ancient Greeks and was the acknowledged ideal of the Enlightenment. We then discuss possible measures on which a wellbeing orientation could be based, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging the political agency of citizens and thus their own evaluations of their lives. We then turn to practicalities and consequences: how would one actually set up wellbeing-oriented decision-making and what difference should we expect from current practice? We end by discussing the current barriers to the adoption of wellbeing as the goal of government, both in terms of what we need to know more about and where the ideological barriers lie.

Subrogation and the Theory of Insurance When Suits Can Be Brought for Losses Suffered

The theory of insurance is considered here when an insured individual may be able to sue another party for the losses that the insured suffered—and thus when an insured has a potential source of compensation in addition to insurance coverage. Insurance policies reflect this possibility through so-called subrogation provisions that give insurers the right to step into the shoes of insureds and to bring suits against injurers. In a basic case, the optimal subrogation provisions involve full retention by the insurer of the proceeds from a successful suit and the pursuit of all positive expected value suits. This eliminates litigation risks for insureds and results in lower premiums—financed by the litigation income of insurers, including from suits that insureds would not otherwise have brought. Moreover, optimal subrogation provisions are characterized in the presence of moral hazard, administrative costs, and non-monetary losses, and it is demonstrated that optimal provisions entail sharing litigation proceeds with insureds in the first two cases but not when losses are non-monetary. (JEL G22, K13, K41)

Economic Objections to Open Borders

The chapter discusses an important set of economic objections to the case for open borders. These objections focus on protecting the wages of domestic workers, maintaining a welfare state, and the effects of admitting migrants who come from illiberal societies. All these objections are shown to be insufficient to overcome the basic case for free movement. They either rely on false empirical claims, or assume—rather than establish—that countries can close their borders to immigrants. As a result, the presumption in favor of free movement, established in the previous chapter, remains undefeated. This concludes the case for open borders.