Correlation of neurotic conflict strategies (K. Horney), with attachment styles (Bowlby)

Вся сложность невротического конфликта, заключается в том, что он лежит не на поверхности, и является бессознательной частью психики. Противоречащие друг другу тенденции, действующие, в ней представляют глубоко вытесненные влечения. Невротический конфликт берет свои истоки в раннем детстве, когда ребенок начинает искать способы безопасного существования. Формируется базовая тревога, определяющая чувство беспомощности перед потенциально экстремальными ситуациями для психики. Ребенок бессознательно начинает формировать приспособительные стратегии и невротические наклонности. Детский опыт является сенситивной почвой для формирования у ребенка устойчивого паттерна поведения. Психика не переработанную травмирующую ситуацию переводит в бессознательное, активизируя невротические психологические защиты, которые нивелируют травматичный опыт. Исходя из того что невроз понимается как результат конфликта между бессознательным и сознанием, основная задача психотерапии в рамках психоанализа состоит в том, чтобы сделать бессознательное сознательным, осознать бессознательное. Фрейд сравнивает ситуацию необходимости осознания собственного бессознательного и сам процесс психоанализа с такой ситуацией: нерадивый студент во время лекции всячески мешает преподавателю, гримасничает, бросает неуместные реплики, отвлекает всех от дела. Преподаватель выгоняет студента за дверь, но тот, постоянно заглядывая в аудиторию, привлекает внимание к себе всеми возможными способами и мешает продуктивной работе. Так же и мы выталкиваем свое бессознательное «за дверь», а оно продолжает оттуда всячески напоминать нам о себе, беспокоить и мешать нормальной деятельности. The whole complexity of the neurotic conflict lies in the fact that it does not lie on the surface, and is an unconscious part of the psyche. The conflicting tendencies that operate in it represent deeply repressed drives. Neurotic conflict has its origins in early childhood, when the child begins to look for ways to live safely. Basic anxiety is formed, which determines the feeling of helplessness in the face of potentially extreme situations for the psyche. The child unconsciously begins to form adaptive strategies and neurotic tendencies. Children's experience is a sensitive ground for the formation of a stable pattern of behavior in a child. The psyche translates the non-processed traumatic situation into the unconscious, activating neurotic psychological defenses that level out the traumatic experience. Based on the fact that neurosis is understood as the result of a conflict between the unconscious and consciousness, the main task of psychotherapy within the framework of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious, to become aware of the unconscious. Freud compares the situation of the need for awareness of one's own unconscious and the process of psychoanalysis itself with such a situation: a negligent student during a lecture in every possible way interferes with the teacher, grimaces, throws inappropriate remarks, distracts everyone from the case. The teacher throws the student out of the door, but he constantly looks into the audience, attracts attention to himself in all possible ways and interferes with productive work. In the same way, we push our unconscious "out the door", and it continues to remind us of itself in every possible way, to disturb and interfere with normal activities.

Joan’s Neurotic Trends and Idealized Image in Margaret Atwood’s Lady Oracle

This research attempts to figure out the development of neurosis in Joan Elizabeth Delacourt’s case, the leading character of Margaret Atwood’s Lady Oracle. It applies Karen Horney’s theory of neurosis as the basis to determine whether the main character of the novel is adequately portrayed as a neurotic person. This research focuses on four basic elements of neurosis: basic anxiety and hostility, neurotic trends, neurotic conflict, and idealized image. It begins with the analysis of Joan’s childhood and teenage experiences which are believed to be the primary step of her basic anxiety and hostility formation. The next part is Joan’s neurotic trends development which will be analyzed at the moment when she finally met her future husband, Arthur. Accordingly, neurotic conflict and idealized image appear to complete the evidences that Joan is a neurotic.

Delirium Kekuasaan: Kajian Psikologi Sastra pada Lakon Amangkurat-Amangkurat karya Goenawan Mohamad

Humans are very complex creatures. From the process of hundreds of thousands of years, humans can finally overcome their fears, one of which is the fear of loss of power. The theme was very well written by Goenawan Mohamad in his play entitled Amangkurat-Amangkurat. Goenawan Mohamad took part in the history of the power struggle that occurred in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom in the 17th century. This power struggle rests on the Amangkurat figure who is said to have a kind of mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, illusions, and physical anxiety. Therefore, the relevant theory for studying the Amangkurat play is Psychology of Literature theory. The science of psychology itself is specifically the theory used is Karen Horney's Personality Theory regarding Basic Anxiety. The results of this study found that the Amangkurat figure, is a representation of the nature and basis of humans to continuously fight the fear that surrounds themselves. Of the various ways to overcome these fears, there arises extraordinary energy, which makes a human being can remain adaptive and managed to be a survivor in his life.Keywords: Power; fear; amangkurat; acts; psychology. IntisariManusia adalah makhluk yang sangat kompleks. Dari proses ratusan ribu tahun akhirnya manusia bisa mengatasi ketakutan-ketakutannya, salah satunya adalah ketakutan terhadap hilangnya kekuasaan. Tema tersebut dengan sangat bagus ditulis oleh Goenawan Mohamad dalam lakonnya yang berjudul Amangkurat-Amangkurat. Goenawan Mohamad mengambil bagian sejarah dari perebutan kekuasaan yang terjadi pada Kerajaan Mataram Islam di abad ke-17. Perebutan kekuasaan ini bertumpu pada tokoh Amangkurat yang dikisahkan memiliki semacam gangguan mental yang ditandai oleh halusinasi, ilusi, dan kegelisahan fisik. Oleh karena itu, teori yang relevan untuk mengkaji lakon Amangkurat adalah teori Psikologi Sastra. Ilmu bantu psikologi sendiri secara khusus teori yang dipakai adalah Teori Kepribadian Karen Horney perihal Kecemasan Dasar (basic anxiety). Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa sosok Amangkurat, adalah representasi dari sifat alami dan dasar manusia untuk terus menerus melawan ketakutan yang menyelimuti diri. Dari berbagai cara mengatasi ketakutan-ketakutan tersebut, muncullah energi yang luar biasa, yang membuat seorang manusia bisa tetap adaptif dan berhasil menjadi penyintas di hidupnya. Kata kunci : Kekuasaan; ketakutan; amangkurat; lakon; psikologi.

Созависимость как проблема конфликтологической практики

the article represents the analysis of such phenomenon as codependency. It is mentioned the lack of medical or psychological understanding of this problem. It is developed the psychoanalytic and evolution approaches in understanding the sense of codependency. Psychoanalytic approach is represented by the K. Horney’s theory and develop codependency as the way of overcoming of basic anxiety which emerges as the result of the oppression hostile impulse in relation to the close figure. Evolution approach is represented in B. and J. Weinhold’s theory and open codependency as a trauma of evolution connected with unsuccessful separation of the close figure what forms the infantile behavior and radical dependency on the others’ opinion in self-certification of man. On the base of these two approaches concludes that codependency is the common appearance, the symptom of contemporary culture which is connected with the social model of domination and inequality. The introduction in human life the models of partnership is the way of overcoming the problem of codependency. The practical conflictology is the concrete sphere of introduction and elaboration of the partnership models. In the research the co-dependency problem is concerned in two directions — in connection with clients’ specific and as the one defined by cognitive-emotional- behavioral attitudes of specialists-conflictologists. The special significance of awareness of this problem and overcoming it by mediators because of its counteraction with the basic mediation principles, first of all neutrality of a specialist is noted. The author’s investigation results conducted with the participation of mediators and consultants with different experience of work in the profession are presented. The results show widely spread codependent tendencies among practicing conflictologists especially among beginners. The connection of the syndrome of codependency and professional burning out and the problem growing along with the widening of conflictologists’ practice is shown. 5 types of specialists’ codependency dynamics in the process of gathering experience of work with clients are identified and corresponding consequences are shown. The significance of overcoming and profilaxy of codependency growth is noted and the ways of gaining the result are analyzed.

The innate ‘You’: the basic package

This chapter argues that there is converging evidence that attests to the intrinsic relational nature of human beings at the subpersonal level. Also, developmental psychology demonstrates that intersubjectivity is an innate, primary system of motivation that organizes human behaviour towards valued goals felt as need and desire by human beings. There are two such valued goals for the intersubjectivity motivational system: the first is the need to read the feelings and intentions of another; the second is the need to establish or re-establish self-cohesion and self-identity. We need to know where we are situated and what the others are going to do. When we are intersubjectively disorientated, a special kind of basic anxiety arises. The second felt need is that for the Other’s recognition: we need a ‘You’ who looks at us to form our basic self and personal identity.

The Development of a Physical Education State Anxiety Scale: A Preliminary Study

The aim of the present study was to develop a measure of state anxiety for school physical education. The Physical Education State Anxiety Scale was designed to assess the basic anxiety dimensions plus the related cognitive processes. High school students ( n = 631) completed the scale just prior to a test on two track and field tasks, in order to create a stressful condition. Data from the sample were randoml y split in two and subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which supported the proposed three-factor structure of Worry, Cognitive Processes, and Somatic Anxiety. Internal consistency coefficients were acceptable. Moderate correlations among the subscale scores supported its construct validity. Results provide preliminary evidence for validity and reliability.

Separation Anxiety

Fear in reaction to danger potentially leads to life-saving "fight or flight." Anxiety is intrinsic to fear, and the young infant experiences anxiety during the earliest inevitable separations from caretakers. Over time, a child learns to experience anxiety in anticipation of fear, whether this fear is based on a true impending danger or a separation (eg, being left to fall asleep at bedtime). Bowlby, recognizing the infant's life and death dependency on a caretaker, defined separation as the "basic anxiety of infancy." The mother's leaving is so potentially dangerous that the infant responds with a piercing cry that reflects both protest and anxiety while calling forth the mother's return. This cry is a paradigm for what we all face when we experience the inevitable losses of loved ones or even our own hopes. Anxiety secondary to separation can continue beyond the expected age and interfere with a child's ability to function. Separation anxiety disorder may prevent a child from achieving critical developmental milestones, such as leaving his or her parent to play with friends or go to school. The early recognition of unwarranted or excessive separation anxiety may help limit potentially serious dysfunction. Separation anxiety can be expected to begin to ease for most children at 18 months of age with the cognitive mastery of object permanence and the growing security of consistent caretaking.

Concurrent Validity for an Activity Vector Analysis Index of Anxiety

This study determined the concurrent validity between the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) index of anxiety (AVA pattern shape PS 5519, Vector 4 divided by Vector 3) and scores on the IPAT Anxiety Scale. Utilizing 182 subjects including 59 Brown University undergraduates, 74 suicide prevention volunteers, 34 emergency medical technicians, and 15 Rhode Island College students, results suggest that strong concurrent validity exists between the AVA anxiety index and the IPAT Anxiety Scale. In the four groups tested, the correlation between the AVA measure of anxiety and the IPAT ranged from .39 to .56. The IPAT and the AVA index of anxiety seem essentially to measure the same construct of basic anxiety.