The origin of digital information devices: the Silicon Audio and its family

This paper presents the origin of digital information devices, the Silicon Audio, and its family. The Silicon Audio is the digital counterpart of the Walkman and the ancestor of the iPod. It employs the MPEG / Audio Layer II algorithm for data compression, which was standardized by ISO (International Standardization Organization)/ IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). A semiconductor memory card is equipped with to store the compressed signal. Since it has no mechanical movement, it is robust against shocks and vibrations that had been a serious problem for portable audio players. The background of the development, implementations, challenges toward a commercial product, and impact on audio players as well as personal information devices are discussed with its family including a video derivative, the Silicon View.

Uji Homogenitas dan Stabilitas Suhu Mini Liquid Bath untuk Kalibrasi Termometer Digital Makanan

<p class="AbstrakIndonesia"><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Uji homogenitas dan stabilitas suhu di dalam Mini Liquid Bath untuk kalibrasi termometer digital dalam industri makanan atau Digital Food Thermometer telah dilakukan. Mini Liquid Bath yang akan diuji memiliki bentuk tabung silinder dengan diameter 6.5 cm dan tinggi 13.5 cm. Uji homogenitas suhu dilakukan pada gradien radial dan axial pada silinder bath dengan menggunakan 6 buah sensor termokopel dari sebuah termometer multi channel. Sementara itu, uji stabilitas suhu menggunakan sebuah termometer yang diletakkan pada titik tengah geometris di dalam bath selama beberapa waktu. Selanjutnya, hasil uji ini digunakan untuk menentukan nilai sumbangan ketidakpastian dalam proses kalibrasi termometer digital dengan cara-cara ISO-GUM (International Standardization Organization-Guide Uncertainty Measurement). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kondisi stabil pada Mini Liquid Bath diperoleh yaitu pada titik suhu rendah berkisar dengan ketidakpastian dan suhu tinggi berkisar dengan ketidakpastian Hasil uji homogenitas, pada suhu rendah diperoleh ketidakpastian sebesar dan suhu tinggi diperoleh ketidakpastian . Hasil kalibrasi termometer digital dengan menggunakan Mini Liquid Bath tersebut diperoleh koreksi untuk suhu rendah dengan ketidakpastian sebesar . Sementara itu, untuk suhu tinggi diperoleh koreksi dengan ketidakpastian sebesar . Hasil kalibrasi ini dilaporkan dengan tingkat kepercayaan dan faktor cakupan . Dari hasil tersebut, menunjukkan bahwa pada kalibrasi titik suhu rendah, ketidakpastian pengukuran sangat besar. Hal ini diduga akibat kontribusi signifikan ketidakpastian homogenitas dan stabilitas suhu pada titik suhu rendah.<strong></strong></p>

Methodology of the Auditing Measures to Civil Airport Security and Protection

Airports similarly to other companies are certified in compliance with the International Standardization Organization (ISO) standards of products and services (series of ISO 9000 Standards regarding quality management), to coordinate the technical side of standardizatioon and normalization at an international scale. In order for the airports to meet the norms and the certification requirements as by the ISO they are liable to undergo strict audits of quality, as a rule, conducted by an independent auditing organization. Focus of the audits is primarily on airport operation economics and security. The article is an analysis into the methodology of the airport security audit processes and activities. Within the framework of planning, the sequence of steps is described in line with the principles and procedures of the Security Management System (SMS) and starndards established by the International Standardization Organization (ISO). The methodology of conducting airport security audit is developed in compliance with the national programme and international legislation standards (Annex 17) applicable to protection of civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference.

Influences of the electromagnetic regenerative dampers on the vehicle suspension performance

Conventional vehicle suspensions suppress vehicle vibrations by dissipating the vibration energy into unrecyclable heat with hydraulic dampers. This can be a considerable amount of energy which is worthy of attention for energy recovery. Electromagnetic regenerative dampers, or shock absorbers, are proposed to harvest this dissipated energy and to improve the fuel efficiency. The suspension dynamics with these regenerative dampers can be significantly different from the suspension dynamics with conventional dampers. First, different from conventional hydraulic dampers, the electromagnetic regenerative dampers have a significantly higher inertia, which is introduced by the electromagnetic generator. This has an important impact on the suspension dynamics. Second, the damping coefficient of electromagnetic dampers is related to the electric load connected to the output of the generator and can be controllable. Although various concepts have been proposed, the influences of these types of regenerative damper on the vehicle dynamics have not yet been thoroughly investigated. This paper models two types of rotational electromagnetic regenerative damper, with and without a mechanical motion rectifier, and analyzes their influences on the vehicle suspension performance in comparison with those of the conventional damper. The modeling in this paper also considers the case when the tires lose contact with the ground. Simulations were carried out with step road profile excitations and road profile excitations defined by the International Standardization Organization in order to evaluate the influences of the equivalent inertia mass and the equivalent damping coefficient. The results showed that, with an optimized equivalent inertia mass, both types of electromagnetic damper can achieve better ride comfort performances than a constant damper does. In addition, the mechanical motion rectifier mechanism can significantly improve the ride comfort and the road-handling performance of electromagnetic regenerative dampers by reducing the negative effect of the amplified generator inertia. In addition, the energy-harvesting potential of the presented dampers under road profile excitations defined by the International Standardization Organization was evaluated.

مدخل مقترح لتدقيق الجودة (ISO) كأحد أنواع الفحص لأغراض خاصة

الملخص استهدف هذا البحث وضع اطار لتدقيق الجودة (ISO) كاحدى انواع الفحص لاغراض خاصة ويرتكز الاطار المقترح على خمسة مقومات اساسية هي طبيعة تدقيق الجودة والمهتمون به ومتطلبات القيام به وكيفية تنفيذه والمشاكل التي تتعرضه تمت مناقشة متطلبات واقتراحات المنظمة الدولية لتوحيد القياس والمعاييره .(International Standardization Organization) اقترح الباحث الفرضية الاساسية للبحث (ان تدقيق الجودة (ISO) يعد احد انواع الفحص لاغراض خاصة تتطلبه اطراف متعدده و يؤديه مدققون مختلفون لتحقيق اهداف متعددة ولخدمة جهات متعددة). وترتكز الدراسة في هذا البحث على دراسة علمية مبنية على منهج تحليلي لادبيات الجودة الشاملة و كذلك التدقيق والفحص التي تمكن الباحث من الحصول والاطلاع عليها بهدف تحقيق هدف البحث واختيار الفرضية الاساسية له. وبعد الدراسة والمناقشه توصل الباحث الى نتائج عديده و مهمة مما تؤيد الحاجة الى الاهتمام بتنفيذ و تطوير تدقيق الجودة وكان من اهم التوصيات التي اقترحها الباحث: 1- المزيد من البحث لتقييم تدقيق الجودة (ISO) ميدانياً في البيئة لعراقية بصفة عامة و وفق المناطق والصناعات والخدمات على اختلاف انواعها. 2- تدريس موضوع تدقيق الجودة ضمن مادة التدقيق والرقابة في الدراسة الاولية الجامعية والتوسع والتعمق في البحوث في هذا المجال في الدراسات العليا. 3- اعداد الدورات التدريبية لتأهيل المدققين الداخليين والخارجيين للقائم بهذه النوع من التدقيق. Abstract

Vers un contrôle bibliographique pour les lois du Québec

This article attempts to demonstrate the need to enrich and to make explicit information contained in legislation in order to build an informative and easily retrievable legislative data base. Two methods of achieving this goal are proposed. First, it is suggested that the international standard bibliographic description (ISBD) be applied to legislative texts. Second, it is recommended that the methods and standards of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) be followed. These two proposals are considered the bare minimum for an efficient legislative data base.

Evaluation of Human Response to Building Vibration Caused by Transit Buses

The International Standardization Organization and several countries have published standards that provide guidance on evaluation of human response to vibration in buildings, e.g. ISO 2631-2:1989, BS 6472: 1984, and ANSI S3.29: 1983. This paper demonstrates the application of these standards for the case of vibrations induced in residential homes by transit buses. Difficulties and ambiguities in applying the standards are revealed. Several vibration evaluation methods were applied and compared including rms, rmq, peak, and vibration-dose-value methods. Actual vibration levels measured in 6 residential homes were used to assess the various methods. Two evaluation methods were identified as the most appropriate.