Myelin sheath structure and regeneration in peripheral nerve injury repair

Observing the structure and regeneration of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves following injury and during repair would help in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological diseases caused by an abnormal myelin sheath. In the present study, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and transcriptome analyses were used to investigate the structure and regeneration of the myelin sheath after end-to-end anastomosis, autologous nerve transplantation, and nerve tube transplantation in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury, with normal optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, sciatic nerve, and Schwann cells used as controls. The results suggested that the double-bilayer was the structural unit that constituted the myelin sheath. The major feature during regeneration was the compaction of the myelin sheath, wherein the distance between the 2 layers of cell membrane in the double-bilayer became shorter and the adjacent double-bilayers tightly closed together and formed the major dense line. The expression level of myelin basic protein was positively correlated with the formation of the major dense line, and the compacted myelin sheath could not be formed without the anchoring of the lipophilin particles to the myelin sheath.

Hypervitaminoses, Hypovitaminoses, Fluorosis, and Lead Poisoning

Chapter 116 discusses hypervitaminoses, including hypervitaminosis A and D, and hypovitaminoses, particularly scurvy and its effects on the musculoskeletal system. Fluoride and lead poisoning are also discussed. The pathophysiology of these diseases and imaging findings are delineated. The main imaging findings of hypervitaminosis A are wavy metaphyseal periostitis in children and enthesopathy in adults. Metastatic calcification is seen with hypervitaminosis D. In scurvy, there is a dense line of the physis, at the zone of provisional calcification, and a lucent metaphyseal band, with possible periosteal elevation caused by subperiosteal hemorrhage. In fluorosis, there is increased bone density and periostitis. In lead poisoning, there are dense metaphyseal bands.

Surfactionated Rinse against Pattern Collapse and Defectivity in 193nm Lithography

Recently, the reduction of pattern collapse in 193nm resists with the help of a surfactinated rinse has been widely reported in the literature [1-6]. This additional step was introduced between the DI rinse that follows the developer puddle, and the final dry spin step. The present work demonstrates that the latitude of 100nm, 90nm and 75nm dense line processes can be significantly extended with an appropriate surfactant rinse through pattern collapse reduction. Simultaneously, a considerable reduction of organic defectivity is reported on blanket resist wafers.