Implications of Urban Land Management on the Cooling Properties of Urban Trees: Citizen Science and Laboratory Analysis

Trees participate in mitigating the urban heat island phenomenon thanks to their transpiration and shading. This cooling potential is highly dependent on leaf area. Nevertheless, leaf traits potentially vary across different land management practices in urban settings, thereby challenging the models used to estimate thermal budgets. The present study aims to investigate the variability of leaf area traits of linden (Tilia spp.) urban trees, and their effect on simulated tree transpiration. Reconstruction of the leaf area was undertaken at the tree scale at three different urban land management sites from three cities: London and Birmingham (UK) and Chantilly (France). The reconstruction combined allometric measurements at shoot and leaf scales, and a tree-scale 3D digitization with laboratory analysis using field data collected by citizen scientists. The management practices had a significant impact on leaf area, and on tree allometric relationships, which were propagated through the reconstruction process. Relative differences between the management practices ranged between 12% and 48% according to the city where the variable was considered (e.g., leaf area index, total leaf area, or tree transpiration). Trees in managed sites (i.e., individualized leaf crowns, frequent leaf litter removal, and standard thinning/pruning operations) develop a higher leaf area, thus promoting cooling potential. This study shows that the variability of leaf traits, and their responses to different land management, can be studied by comprehensive data collection through citizen science and lab-based modelling. It also highlights the importance of appropriate, well-designed urban planning, where landscaping using urban trees can play an even better role in climate proofing cities.

Constructed Technosols: A Strategy toward A Circular Economy

Soil is a non-renewable natural resource. However, the current rates of soil usage and degradation have led to a loss of soil for agriculture, habitats, biodiversity, and to ecosystems problems. Urban and former industrial areas suffer particularly of these problems, and compensation measures to restore environmental quality include the renaturation of dismissed areas, de-sealing of surfaces, or the building of green infrastructures. In this framework, the development of methodologies for the creation of soils designed to mimic natural soil and suitable for vegetation growth, known as constructed soils or technosols, are here reviewed. The possible design choices and the starting materials have been described, using a circular economy approach, i.e., preferring non-contaminated wastes to non-renewable resources. Technosols appear to be a good solution to the problems of land degradation and urban green if using recycled wastes or by-products, as they can be an alternative to the remediation of contaminated sites and to importing fertile agricultural soil. Nevertheless, waste use requires analysis to ensure the salubrity of the starting materials. Moreover, materials produced on site or nearby minimize the cost and the environmental impact of transport, thus the involvement of local stakeholders in the urban land management must be encouraged.

USING GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN THE SMART CITIES

The population of cities is increasing rapidly nowadays, and therefore, rational use of urban resources is required. With developing technology, the amount of data obtained from different sources also increases. This situation sometimes causes complex geographic decision problems in cities where many factors must be evaluated simultaneously. Difficulties in this decision-making process can be overcome by using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this study, how the different MCDA techniques can be used in geographic-based problems and the most commonly used methods were examined in this context. The case applications on the adaptation of GIS-based MCDA techniques in smart cities were examined and explained. All of the examined case applications were carried out in the Pendik district of Istanbul. The subjects of the investigated case applications are, respectively, the evaluation of land suitability for determining urban development areas, producing a land value map for the management of the urban real estate, parking areas selection for sustainable urban transportation planning, and prioritizing suitable/alternative car parking areas. This study provides an effective implementation methodology for the hybrid use of GIS-based MCDA techniques within the scope of sustainable urban land management practices in smart cities.

Land Readjustment as A Technique of Urban Land Management: -A Case of Aya Nagar, New Delhi

Land management reflect the meaning of the nation's assets and this executes the appropriate land policy by means of land organization. Moreover, it in like manner includes not just the standard organization of resources and land, yet in addition a chance to show a long haul system for the future. As respects to this point, land management is an essential action focusing on sustainable land use. Under these conditions, as for appropriate land policy of state, nearby specialists must build up some effective land acquisition methodologies for new developed zones as quickly as time permits in light of the fact that there is a dire requirement for urban land for public purposes, for example, streets, lodging, schools, clinics, parks, markets, and other public facilities as well as their amenities. Land reallocation extremely old which drawing interest in worldwide as a method for accomplishing arranged, impartial and proficient development. Different degrees of progress and degrees of usage have been accounted for just as traps and snags, a portion of the last being basic in as well as experienced by more than one nation alone. This training has been embraced and adjusted by different nations so as to oblige contrasts in both lawful structures and open private connections. This paper will share how to land esteem evaluation joined with property size was utilized as an appropriation driver, together with an all-inclusive and free property valuation device. And reason for selecting the study area because it is an unauthorized colony and the area is needed for readjustment it the locality which is placed with the brownfield as well as a green field. And these fields resolve the problem of an unauthorized colony with the help of Land readjustment.