Expanding language choices to reduce stigma

Purpose Public perception has been found to be influenced by the words used to describe those with behavioral health disorders, such that using terms like “substance abuser” can lead to higher levels of stigma. The purpose of this paper is to identify additional stigmatizing and empowering terms that are commonly used by different stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach Using digital Delphi groups, the paper identifies positive and negative terms related to substance use disorder (SUD) from three distinct stakeholder groups: individuals in recovery, impacted family members and loved ones, and professionals in the treatment field. Findings Participants identified 60 different terms that are considered stigmatizing or positive. Previously identified stigmatizing terms (abuser, addict) were present for all stakeholder groups, as was the positive term person with a SUD. Additional stigmatizing terms for all groups included junkie and alcoholic. Additional positive terms for all groups included long-term recovery. Social implications The results suggest that the continued use of terms like addict, alcoholic, abuser and junkie can induce stigma in multiple stakeholders. The use of more positive terms such as person with a SUD or person in recovery is suggested to reduce stigma. Originality/value The use of digital Delphi groups to solicit feedback from multiple stakeholder groups from the substance use community is innovative and allows for the comparison of linguistics among and between the groups.

The Truth and ‘Canonization’ of the Scriptures

‘Saving truth’ is a more biblical and positive term than ‘inerrancy’ or freedom from error. Rather than being identified with biblical inspiration, the truth of the Scriptures is a major consequence of inspiration. It is close to the notion of the divine faithfulness and reliability. A progressive approach to biblical truth acknowledges that truth is to be found primarily in the whole Bible. Jesus Christ is the Truth, attested prophetically in the Old Testament and apostolically in the New. Ultimately biblical truth is something to be lived and practised. A closed list of inspired and authoritative books (which determine the Church’s faith and practice), the canon was constituted by maintaining the inherited Scriptures and accepting the New Testament on the basis of their apostolic provenance (taken in a broad sense), orthodox teaching (or adherence to the ‘rule of faith’), and wide and consistent usage in the Church’s liturgy and teaching.

Photographic and cinematic appropriation of atrocity images from Cambodia: auto-genocide in Western museum culture and The Missing Picture

As a harrowing sub-discipline of English and Comparative Literature, Trauma Studies is in need of geographical expansion beyond its moorings in European genocides of the 20th century. In this article, the authors chart the institutional and cinematic appropriation of atrocity images in relation to the Khmer Rouge’s auto-genocide from 1975–1979 in Cambodia. They analyse the cultural and scholarly value of these images in conjunction with genocide studies to reveal principles often overlooked, taken for granted, or pushed to the periphery in photography studies and film studies. Through grim appropriations of archival or news footage to more experimental approaches in documentary, such as the use of dioramas, the authors examine the commercial and artistic articulations of trauma, reconciliation and testimony in two case studies: The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibition Photographs from S-21: 1975–1979 (1997) and Pithy Panh’s documentary The Missing Picture (2013). The authors first focus on the relatively obscure scholarship devoted to contextualizing images from international genocides outside the Euro-American canon for genocide study in order to build their critical formulations; they go on to explore whether these atrocity-themed still and moving images are capable of defying aspects of commodification and sensationalism to instead convey positive notions of commemoration and memory. Finally, their contribution to this debate regarding the merit of appropriating atrocity imagery is viewed from two perspectives: ‘commodified witnessing’ (a negative descriptor for the MoMA exhibition) and ‘commemorative witnessing’ (a positive term for the Cambodian film).

THE MULTI-CURVE POTENTIAL MODEL

We develop a general class of multi-curve potential models for post-crisis interest rates. Our model features positive stochastic basis spreads, positive term structures, and analytic pricing formulae for interest rate derivatives. Making a quanto interpretation of LIBOR lending transactions, we use a multi-currency analogy to model multiple term structures and formulate a general, tractable model of multiple term structures. As a special case of our approach, we obtain a rational lognormal model that extends the original Flesaker–Hughston (1996) rational lognormal model to a multi-curve setting. In this setting we obtain analytic pricing formulae for caps and swaptions.

Creativity and Procreation in Zola’s L’Œuvre

This chapter studies the figure of the genius artist in the painter Claude Lantier, the central figure of Émile Zola's novel, L'Œuvre (The masterpiece, 1886). Genius may be a largely positive term for Zola the art critic who regards disruption as a virtue, but for Zola the novelist these “disruptions” are an ambivalent quantity that allows him to explore it both positively as central to the artistic enterprise and negatively as a sterile or destructive pathology. Like Mme de Staël and Balzac, he does so both from an objective external and from a sympathetically internal perspective. As a painter, Lantier offers less scope for identification on the part of the author than did Corinne or Lambert, but both author and painter are bound together by the issue of artistic creativity that is the novel's central concern.

WEIGHTED NAÏVE BAYES FOR TEXT CLASSIFICATION USING POSITIVE TERM-CLASS DEPENDENCY

Naïve Bayes is a simple and efficient classification algorithm which performs well on text classification, which is also known as text categorization. Many researches have been done to improve the performance of the naïve Bayes classifier by weighting the correlated terms, in order to relax the strong assumption of independence between terms. In this paper, we first introduce a new χ2 statistical data, denoted by Rw,c, which can measure positive term-class dependency accurately, and then propose a new weighted naïve Bayes classifier using Rw,c at the training phase. Experimental results with real data sets show that our weighted naïve Bayes classifier has much better performance than the basic naïve Bayes classifier in most cases.

Anisotropic Magnetoresistance of Stretched Sheets of Carbon Nanotubes

ABSTRACTWe performed magnetoresistance (MR) measurements on bulk carbon nanotube sheets that had been partially aligned by post-fabrication stretching. The magnetic field was applied under different orientations with respect to the direction of the stretch, while the electric current was either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the stretch. We found that the fielddependence of the MR is composed of two terms, one positive and one negative. The magnitudes of both terms are largest when the field is parallel with the direction of the stretch. If the sheets are treated with nitric acid, the positive term is removed and the MR is smallest when the field is aligned with the magnetic field. We attribute these anisotropic features to magnetoelastic effects induced by the coupling between the magnetic catalyst nanoparticles, the magnetic field, and the network of nanotubes.

Acceptance of the Title Pater Patriae in 2 BC

Some recent treatments of the Augustan Principate have discussed the title Pater Patriae (= PP) as the expression of a relatively detached and uncontroversial idea. In earlier papers on the significance of this title, however, I have tried to describe its political volatility for both Cicero and Caesar. Cicero's title was applied to him in the wake of his execution of the Catilinarian conspirators; it was meant to characterise him as Rome's saviour, rather than as a murderous tyrant and oppressor. Caesar's title was equally a counter to accusations of murderous tyranny; he did not take Roman lives through civil war, he saved them through the exercise of dementia. Caesar's honour, furthermore, was clearly decreed to him in the form Parens Patriae – parens being a widely used, positive term for a benefactor; Cicero is referred to as both pater and parens in the fractious discourse which followed his consulship. Given the ever-present dichotomy between the father and the tyrant, and the general environment of élite competition, it appears that the form of Caesar's honour implies a deliberate contrast with the claims of Cicero, viz. Caesar's paternal role was certainly about giving or enhancing life, rather than taking it.