miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control in uncoupling transcription and translation of haploid male germ cells

As one of the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, transcription and translation’s uncoupling plays an essential role in development and adulthood physiology. However, it remains elusive how thousands of mRNAs get translationally silenced while stability is maintained for up to hours or even days before translation. In addition to oocytes and neurons, developing spermatids have significant uncoupling of transcription and translation for delayed translation. Therefore, spermiogenesis represents an excellent in vivo model for investigating the mechanism underlying uncoupled transcription and translation. Through full-length poly(A) deep sequencing, we discovered dynamic changes in poly(A) length through deadenylation and re-polyadenylation. Deadenylation appeared to be mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs), and transcripts with shorter poly(A) tails tend to be sequestered into ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for translational repression and stabilization. In contrast, re-polyadenylation allows for translocation of the translationally repressed transcripts from RNPs to polysomes for translation. Overall, our data suggest that miRNA-dependent poly(A) length control represents a novel mechanism underlying uncoupled translation and transcription in haploid male germ cells.

Limitations and Flaws of Preclinical Pulmonary Hypertension Studies

Despite advances in our understanding of the disease, significant therapeutic gaps remain for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Indeed, no cure exists yet for this devastating disease, and very few innovative therapies beyond the traditional pathways of endothelial dysfunction have reached late clinical trial phases in PAH. While there are inherent limitations to the currently available animal models of PAH, the delayed translation of innovative therapies to the clinic may also relate to flawed preclinical research methodologies. The present article discusses the limitations and flaws in the design of preclinical PH trials and discusses opportunities to create preclinical studies with improved predictive value in identifying key mechanisms involved in PAH development and progression and guiding early phase drug development in PAH patients. The implementation of rigorous study design will need support not only from researchers, peer reviewers, and editors, but also from academic institutions, funding agencies, and animal ethics authorities.

Jak twórczość mistrza polskiego reportażu stała się „peryferyjną”? O recepcji Jeszcze dzień życia R. Kapuścińskiego w kulturze macedońskiej

This article is about the reception of Kapuściński’s book Another Day of Life which was translated and published in Macedonia in 2017. This text explains the reasons of the delayed translation of Kapuściński’s book and the social environmentsurrounding its reception, as well as the reception of the reportage as a literary genre in Macedonia. Those are part of the reasons why this literary master has passed by almost unnoticed in this culture and his works are pushed aside from the main literary streams. The article also deals with translating problems concerning the alienation / otherness and the way foreign realities are transferred from Polish to Macedonian language.

Using the SCAMPER Model to DevelopTranslation Skills for Major Students in the Faculty of Education, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia

This paper aims at identifying the effectiveness of using the SCAMPER model in developing translation and raising the attitudes towards adaptation among major students in the faculty of education, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. It tries to answer the following questions: To what extent would using the SCAMPER model raise translation skills among major students in the faculty of education – Majmaah University .the the second question is To what extent would using SCAMPER model raise the attitudes towards translation among major students.To accomplish the purpose of the study, the researcher showed the experimental group with a sample involved (40) students for the SCAMPER Model in the first term of the school year 2018-2019. The researcher used (pre -post & delayed) translation test, a scale of students' attitudes towards translation to collect data. The study's results suggested that there were statistically important differences at (α ≤ 0.05) in the whole mean grade in the pre post translation test to the group in favor of posttest. Also, there were statistically important differences at (α ≤ 0.05) in the whole mean grade in the pre-post scale of students attitudes towards translation to the group in favor of post implication. Also, the researcher recognized these differences in using the SCAMPER Model in teaching English language translation. In light of these outcomes, the study suggested the necessity of applying the SCAMPER Model in teaching the English language to get better results in students’ translation learning and retention in English as a foreign language. Similarly, the SCAMPER Model would be used with other English skills and sub-skills.

Sequestration of mRNAs Modulates the Timing of Translation during Meiosis in Budding Yeast

Starvation of diploid cells of the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeinduces them to enter meiosis and differentiate into haploid spores. During meiosis, the precise timing of gene expression is controlled at the level of transcription, and also translation. If cells are returned to rich medium after they have committed to meiosis, the transcript levels of most meiotically upregulated genes decrease rapidly. However, for a subset of transcripts whose translation is delayed until the end of meiosis II, termed protected transcripts, the transcript levels remain stable even after nutrients are reintroduced. The Ime2-Rim4 regulatory circuit controls both the delayed translation and the stability of protected transcripts. These protected mRNAs localize in discrete foci, which are not seen for transcripts of genes with different translational timing and are regulated by Ime2. These results suggest that Ime2 and Rim4 broadly regulate translational delay but that additional factors, such as mRNA localization, modulate this delay to tune the timing of gene expression to developmental transitions during sporulation.