NEOLIBERASLIME VERSUS KEBIJAKAN SELEKTIF KEIMIGRASIAN: KORELASI KOMPONEN “INTERNATIONAL OPENNESS” DENGAN REZIM BEBAS VISA DI INDONESIA

Sejak penerapan kebijakan bebas visa wisata di Indonesia pada tahun 1983 sampai dengan tahun 2017 terlihat dominasi sektor kepariwisataan (tourism) di dalam proses pengambilan keputusan kebijakan bebas visa. Rasional utama desakan adanya kebijakan ini belakangan terlihat adanya unsur pengaruh the Travel and Tourism Competitive Index (TTCI) yang dikeluarkan oleh lembaga dunia the World Economic Forum (WEF) dan the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) untuk mendongkrak rangking Indonesia di mata dunia Indonesia dalam hal sektor kepariwisataan. Dan salah satu komponen dari alat ukur persaingan kompetisi internasional tersebut adalah international openness, dengan penilaian bahwa semakin banyak suatu negara menghilangkan restriksi untuk memasuki suatu negara maka semakin tinggi komponen penilaian TTCI. Tulisan ini secara kritis menilai bahwa perluasan kebijakan bebas visa, sudah bergeser dari titik keseimbangan kebijakan selektif keimigrasian Indonesia. Meskipun diakui bahwa ada kontribusi dari kebijakan bebas ini, namun secara makro menggiring ke dalam “perangkap” instrumen internasional yang akan merugikan kepentingan Indonesia. Bahkan analisis di dalam tulisan ini ditemukan bahwa tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara komponen international openness dengan peningkatan daya saing pariwisata secara agregat. Oleh karena itu, dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan teori ekonomi politik internasional, dan teori pembangunan internasional, tulisan ini melakukan studi kritis terhadap eksistensi pengaruh internasional terhadap kebijakan selektif keimigrasian di Indonesia, serta langkah-langkah konkret yang perlu dilakukan segera oleh Pemerintah Indonesia agar dapat terhindar dari jebakan angka dan statistik dalam berkompetisi di era neoliberal saat ini.

A, The ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS OF JUNGLE RICE (ECHINOCHLOA COLONA L.) AND FALSE AMARANTH (DIGERA ARVENSIS FORSSK.) IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE

ABSTRACT There is little understanding about ecological interference of weeds in direct-seeded rice. To get estimates of economic thresholds of two weeds in direct seeded rice, two-year field trials were conducted at research area of College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Punjab-Pakistan. Treatments included 0, 22, 44, 66 and 88 plants m-2 densities of each of Echinochloa colona and Digera arvensis laid out in randomized complete block design. Augmented densities of E. colona (0, 22, 44, 66 and 88 weed plants m-2) enhanced its plant dry biomass up to 348 and 353%; and relative competitive index maximally to 80 and 77% in years 2015 and 2016, respectively. While the corresponding increases in plant dry weight and relative competitive index of D. arvensis were 367 and 360% and 79 and 82%. The enhancement in N (up to 258 & 257 %), P (up to 220 & 232%) and K (up to 293 & 301%) uptake in years 2015 and 2016, respectively were made by E. Colona whereas the corresponding increases in N, P and K assimilation by D. arvensis were as far as 265 & 257%, 238 & 233% and 305 & 298%, respectively. The declines in growth and yield of rice were observed in response to growing number of both the weeds. Rice grain yield losses ranged between 9.8 to 80% and 28 to 80% by E. Colona and D. arvensis. The economic thresholds of false amaranth and jungle rice were estimated to be 1.6-1.4 plants m-2 and 2.2-2.6 plants m-2, respectively.

Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah Merespon Tantangan Dunia Kerja dan Kompetisi Global

Muhammadiyah telah meletakkan pilar kemandirian ekonomi sebagai ciri Persyarikatan dan ijtihad ini terus berlanjut dengan mengelola amal usaha dan mendirikan unit usaha. Upaya ini juga ditopang keterlibatan Muhammadiyah yang juga ambil bagian di tengah masyarakat global. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini untuk mengungkap bagaimana Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah merespon tantangan dunia kerja dan kompetisi global. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui kajian literatur dan analisis data menggunakan metode induktif. Setelah mempertimbangkan hal-hal yang dibutuhkan oleh Indonesia berdasarkan kondisi ketenagakerjaan Indonesia dan posisi Indonesia dalam Global Competitive Index (GCI). Tulisan ini memberikan dua tawaran konkrit bagi Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah dalam merespon tantangan dunia kerja dan kompetisi global. Pertama, menerapkan pendekatan pembelajaran interdisiplin Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) melalui sekolah-sekolah dan perguruan tinggi Muhammadiyah agar tercipta kader dan lulusan yang mampu bersaing di era globalisasi. Kedua, pemberdayaan masyarakat yang dilakukan Muhammadiyah berorientasi terhadap Revolusi Industri 4.0 sehingga luaran dari revolusi ini akan mendatangkan keuntungan dan kesejahteraan bagi warga Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah serta rakyat Indonesia secara luas. Kata Kunci: Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah, Dunia Kerja, Kompetisi Global, Pendekatan STEMMuhammadiyah has put the pillar of economic independence as a hallmark of the organization and this effort continues with managing the business charity and establishing a business unit. This effort is also supported by the involvement of Muhammadiyah which also took part in the global community. The purpose of this paper is to reveal how Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah respond to the challenges of the employment world and global competition. This paper uses qualitative methods with data collection through literature review and data analysis using inductive methods. After considering the Indonesia needs based on Indonesia's employment conditions and Indonesia's position in the Global Competitive Index (GCI). This paper provides two concrete offers for the Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah to respond the challenges of the employment world and global competition. First, applying interdisciplinary learning through Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) approach in Muhammadiyah schools and universities to create cadres and graduates who can compete in the globalization era. Second, community service by Muhammadiyah's should be oriented towards Industrial Revolution 4.0, so that the output of this revolution will bring benefits and prosperity for the Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah society and Indonesian people widely.Keywords: Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah, Employment World, Global Competition, STEM Approach

ANALISIS DAYA SAING USAHA TERNAK SAPI POTONG RAKYAT DI KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

This research aims to analyze the development of profitability, productivity, and output growth as well as to analyze the development of the competitiveness of the beef cattle bussiness in Mempawah Regency. This research took placed in 9 Sub-distric in Mempawah. The method used was the descriptive method using the panel data from 2008-2013. The data were processed using the method of ICI (Industrial Competitive Index) by finding out the indicator which included the index of profitability, productivity and output growth. The results of the analysis showed that the growth rate of the profitability index was 15.07%, the productivity index 12.67% and output growth index -4.74%. Based on the result of the analysis, the growth rate of the industry competitive index (ICI) for 9 Sub-distric in Mempawah Regency overall had a positive value. This indicated that the 9 Sub-distric in Mempawah Regency had the capability of competitiveness. The growth rate of the industrial competitive index for Mempawah Regency was 9.12%.

Development of Foreign Competitor Identification Index (FCII) in Malaysia

Most previous studies have dealt with foreign competitors in host country by considering how the contractors compete in international environment. The purpose of this study is to develop a foreign competitor identification index (FCII) by assessing the global orientation of international contractors in Malaysia using various characteristics. The exploratory study is based on the secondary data from Engineering News Record (ENR, 2013) and Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB, 2013) Malaysia. The sampling frame was from the ENR top 250 international contractors operating in more than 100 countries worldwide. Their involvement in international projects includes general building, manufacturing, power, water supply, sewerage/solid waste, industrial process, petroleum, transportation, hazardous waste and telecommunications. Six (6) measurements were used to develop the FCII mode which were based on number of years of experience and number of consecutive years operating in Malaysia, number of countries they are working outside Malaysia, number of projects and number of diversity of projects undertaken in Malaysia, and ranking in ENR. The data was analysed descriptively to make the comparison and establish the findings. Thirty eight (38) out of 250 top international contractors listed by the ENR have been operating in Malaysia. It was observed that that the most competitive contractor with the highest FCII score has more than 12 year of consecutive years working in Malaysia working on 99 projects, operating in more than 20 countries outside Malaysia and ranked at 17th place by the ENR (2013). The study used a sampling frame of population based on ENR. Therefore, the proposed measurements shall be further validated by the subject matter experts. The study will assist local contractors to recognize the foreign competitors in Malaysia and a competitive index model will be further developed to guide the local contractors to prepare themselves to compete with the foreign contractors in Malaysia. Neglecting to properly assess the foreign contractors’ characteristics can lead to poor performance in their local business ventures. This study intends to contribute to an improved understanding foreign contractor’s competitiveness in relation to the local contractors towards the development of the FCII model. Although there have been various models related to competitive index, there is currently no model that attempts to show the effects of foreign contractors on the local contractors.