Π-GISANS: probing lateral structures with a fan shaped beam

We have performed grazing incidence neutron small angle scattering using a fan shaped incident beam focused along one dimension. This allows significantly reduced counting times for measurements of lateral correlations parallel to an interface or in a thin film where limited depth resolution is required. We resolve the structure factor of iron inclusions in aluminium oxide and show that the ordering of silica particles deposited on a silicon substrate depends on their size. We report hexagonal packing for 50 nm but not for 200 nm silica spheres deposited by a modified Langmuir-Schaefer method on a silicon substrate. For the 200 nm particles we extract the particles shape from the form factor. Moreover, we report dense packing of the particles spread on a free water surface. We name this method π-GISANS to highlight that it differs from GISANS as it gives lateral information while averaging the in-depth structure.

Larval and juvenile development of the Iceland cockle Ciliatocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) (Bivalvia: Cardiidae)

The paper considers the development of Ciliatocardium ciliatum from the stage of straight hinge to juvenile. In the White Sea the spawning of C. ciliatum begins at the end of June, larvae at different stages of development occur in plankton until the end of September. The earliest of the larvae found had shell lengths of 123–130 µm. The paper first examined the anatomy and structure of the larval shell of C. ciliatum. During the development, the main stages of organogenesis were described and special attention was paid to the formation of the digestive and muscular systems. The digestive system begins to function when the larva reaches a size of 170–180 µm. The digestive gland has a two-blade shape and is shifted to the right side. The foot is formed at a size of 230 µm, the gill rudiments appear when the larva reaches 270 µm. The development of the larval shell and larval hinge of the mollusc is considered in detail. The development of the larval shell of C. ciliatum is similar to the development of other family members. Throughout all the larval stages, the shell has a rounded shape with a low umbos, and the prodissoconch II has a clearly visible concentric structure. The C. ciliatum larval hinge is characterized by weak differentiation and the absence of pronounced cardinal teeth typical for other Cardiidae. However, the lateral structures of the castle – ridges and flanges – are well developed. The ligament begins to form at a size of 240–250 µm and occupies a lateral position. The settlement of the cockle takes place in September in the subtidal zone. After the metamorphosis, a large radial sculpture is formed on the dissoconch and a number of small spikes are formed at the rib of the posterior shoulder.

Modelling the flooded area extent at the downstream segment of a small basin through a coupled 1D/2D hydraulic model

<p>A high-resolution Digital Terrain Model 5m x 5m, land use characteristics and a validated output hydrograph from an extreme rainfall event were used as input to the coupled 1D/2D HEC-RAS hydraulic model in order to obtain the flooded area extent at the downstream segment of a small basin in the island of Crete. A spatially varying Manning’s roughness coefficient <em>n</em> was used to identify the differences between land coverage for the channel bed and the floodplain. Lateral structures were designed along the left and right overbanks of the stream, connecting the 1D stream flow with the 2D flow areas. The weir coefficient, used to convey the flow above the lateral structures, was also chosen for model validation in the control cross section. Detailed flood hazard mapping at the peak discharge was produced, along with the flood depths at times before and after the heavy precipitation event, in order to obtain the time evolution of the flooded area extent. The results obtained by the 1D hydraulic model are limited in their 2D lateral output that is crucial to the floodplain extent. The 1D/2D provides more detailed output concerning the flood extent at the peak discharge, as well as the maximum water depths and velocities at every grid point of the computed mesh. Defining accurate flood inundated areas is of utmost importance in civil protection agencies in order to initiate a proper early flood warning. At the same time, each EU Member State country is required to produce flood hazard maps according to EU Floods Directive at the river basin level. These 1D/2D simulation results can be beneficial in the aforementioned requirements for low probability extreme floods’ basin management.</p>

Spin-Transfer Torques in One-Dimensional Magnetic Tunneling Junctions of Lateral Structures

Recent study in [C. C. Lin, Y. F. Gao, A. V. Penumatcha, V. Q. Diep, J. Appenzeller and Z. H. Chen, Acs Nano 8, 3807 (2014)], showed that the spin-transfer torque (STT) is enhanced by the asymmetry in a graphene lateral spin-valve structure. This lateral structure or geometry can be modeled by a four-terminal magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) as opposite to the conventional two-terminal MTJ. In this paper, using the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism (NEGF), we compare the anti-damping components of the STT in a similar nonconventional lateral one-dimensional MTJ with that in the conventional MTJ. We find that the lateral geometry renders enhanced anti-damping torques compared with the conventional one, provided that the barrier energy, the scattering length and the magnetization angle are in a certain parameter region. We also identify this parameter region in the presence of dephasing. The enhancement of the anti-damping torques declines when the scattering region is longer. For the four-terminal MTJ of larger scattering length, the dephasing can expedite the anti-damping torque.

Overview of muographers

By observing the growth of a research community, particularly the factors of size and strength of involvement, it is possible to evaluate the vitality of a new field. The emerging technology of muography, a new visualization technique to look through gigantic objects with an elementary particle called the muon, is the focus of this study. Recently, the initial applications of muography to the study of structures such as pyramids and volcanoes have been expanding to include more commercial interests such as inspecting social infrastructures and energy and mineral resources. Evolutions of the research networks of muography will be discussed with particular attention to the chronological and lateral structures that could be an indicator of the development of this new technology. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

To study surgical outcome of various surgical procedures of lateral release in valgus knee in total knee arthroplasty

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Fixed valgus deformity presents a major challenge in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), especially in moderate or severe cases. In knee arthritis, fixed-varus deformity (50 to 55%) is three times more frequent than fixed-valgus deformity (10 to 15%). Valgus deformity occurs more commonly in rheumatoid arthritis and also in osteoarthritis with hypoplasia of the lateral femoral condyle. Valgus deformity is often associated with flexion or external rotation contracture of the knee. In this study we aim to study the surgical outcome of total knee replacement in valgus deformity via standard medial parapatellar approach using various techniques like Pie –Crusting release of lateral structures or combined technique of pie crusting and standard release of lateral structures. Aim: To evaluate surgical outcome of various surgical techniques via standard medial parapatellar approach in fixed valgus deformity in Total Knee Arthroplasty.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study involved both male and female patients with osteoarthritis of knee with valgus deformity. In present series, 26 consecutive patients of osteoarthritis with valgus deformity operated with total knee replacement were included. Previously operated cases of high tibial osteotomy and patients having contraindication for TKA were excluded from the study.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Valgus angle in this study was between 13 to 27 degree with average 17.84 degree. These results were comparable to many such similar studies. In our study, post operatively, knee society score was average 87.69 and function knee score was 82.5. Mean range of motion was 105 degree. In our study, mean tibiofemoral alignment improved from 17.84 valgus to 4.7 valgus.</p><p class="Default"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Knee society score is excellent with both techniques and there is no difference in both techniques Iliotibial band and posterolateral capsule are most common structures that require release. Initial ligament balancing should be done with pie crusting and then sequential lateral release if require. </p>

Överlåtaren: a fast way to transfer and orthogonalize two-dimensional off-specular reflectivity data

Reflectivity measurements offer unique opportunities for the study of surfaces and interfaces, and specular reflectometry has become a standard tool in materials science to resolve structures normal to the surface of a thin film. Off-specular scattering, which probes lateral structures, is more difficult to analyse, because the Fourier space being probed is highly anisotropic and the scattering pattern is truncated by the interface. As a result, scattering patterns collected with (especially time-of-flight) neutron reflectometers are difficult to transform into reciprocal space for comparison with model calculations. A program package is presented for a generic two-dimensional transformation of reflectometry data intoqspace and back. The data are represented on an orthogonal grid, allowing cuts along directions relevant for theoretical modelling. This treatment includes background subtraction as well as a full characterization of the resolution function. The method is optimized for computational performance using repeatable operations and standardized instrument settings.