An EIRP Measurement Method for Base-Station Antennas Using Field Strengths Measured along a Single Straight Line

We describe an EIRP measurement technique for a base-station antenna. The proposed method especially can be applied to the base-station antenna installed in real environments. Fresnel region measurement method is an optimal technique to avoid the far-field multipath interference, and, furthermore, it could shorten the measurement time. For detecting only the field strengths along a single straight line, we also propose a simple phase-retrieval method. For verification, a simulation and experiment have been performed. An anechoic chamber was utilized in this paper before the real environment test with the outdoor measurement system. The transformed far-field pattern and EIRP agree closely with the reference data within a valid angle. The proposed method can be applied for the EIRPin situmeasurements without moving a vehicle loading the EIRP measurement apparatus.

An Experimental Study of Linear Inclination

Two mechanisms have been proposed to account for perceptual distortion of angular subtension. The first implies that errors made when estimating sizes of angles should correspond to inaccuracies of estimating the inclinations of their two component lines. From the second it follows that the two types of judgement are unrelated. This paper considers which of these mechanisms accounts most consistently for apparent angular distortion. Two experiments are reported. In the first, four independent groups of subjects estimated the bearing of a single straight line presented in a series of inclinations throughout the entire circular range. Subjects themselves attempted to place the same line into specified inclinations in the second experiment. The results reveal errors in both tasks. An attempt is made to distinguish between the two proposed mechanisms by predicting angular distortions from those of corresponding linear inclinations. Possible reasons for failure of this prediction are discussed.

Sexual Precocity of the Male Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, and the Influence of Temperatures on Reproduction during Early Adult Life

In the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum single-pair matings of different age combinations, young (1 day old) and old (10 days old) maintained for two weeks at 29 ± 2 °C. and 70% relative humidity showed that males matured sexually on the second day of adult life; females matured on the fourth. Between days 7 and 14, regardless of age, productivity was expressed as a single straight line with zero slope and an intercept of 16.4.Young x young pairs maintained at 25, 29 and 32 °C. had fertilities peculiar to the temperature. The higher the temperature, the earlier reproduction began and the greater the number of F1 adults per day during the two-week experimental period.

STUDIES ON PLASMINOGEN: II. A COMPARISON OF THE ESTEROLYTIC, CASEINOLYTIC, AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF BOVINE AND HUMAN PLASMINOGEN

Preparations of bovine and human plasminogen which varied in purity and mode of preparation were activated and assayed for esterolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities. Variations in the ratio of attack of bovine plasmin on TAMe and casein were observed among the plasminogen preparations which represent different stages of purification. Two plasminogen products with different TAMe/casein ratios were separated from both bovine and human products with intermediate TAMe/casein ratios, by the use of phosphate buffer as a precipitant. Bovine plasminogen preparations extracted with acid, then subjected to alkali denaturation, were purified with respect to their caseinolytic activity, but the esterolytic activity remained the same or decreased, resulting in a decrease in the TAMe/casein ratio. Human plasminogen prepared from fraction III by this method showed as much as a fourfold decrease in the TAMe/casein ratio. The observed differences in activity of various plasminogen preparations towards the two substrates, TAMe and casein, may arise from the chemical treatment and manipulation that the proenzyme receives during purification. When the fibrinolytic activity was compared with the caseinolytic activity, a single straight-line relationship was obtained for both bovine and human plasminogen preparations. However, a similar relationship was not found between the fibrinolytic and esterolytic activities.

CORRELATION OF O–H STRETCHING FREQUENCIES WITH pK VALUES FOR SOME PHENOLS

The O–H stretching frequencies, in carbon disulphide, of a number of phenols have been determined. Linear relationships were observed on plotting the stretching frequency against pKA in water. Polar substituted phenols were found to fall along one line, while phenols substituted with aliphatic groups were found to fall along another line of different slope. A change of slope is observed when the stretching frequencies of phenols are plotted against pKA measured in alcohol–water mixtures.Using Goulden's O–H stretching frequencies of carboxylic acids measured in carbon tetrachloride, an attempt has been made to explain the observed deviations from a single straight line in terms of electrostatic effects in the ionizing solvent. The results indicate that for the substances examined, such effects are not responsible for the observed deviations.

Tubes of Optimum Bending Stiffness: An Analogy

The torsional stiffness of a thin-walled tube of given perimeter and thickness varies as the square of the enclosed area. The shape giving maximum torsional stiffness is therefore a circle, this being the curve with maximum area for given perimeter. We consider here the nature of the corresponding curve for maximum bending stiffness. The quantity to be made a maximum is now, not the area within the curve, but the second moment for the whole curve about the bending axis. This will give the greatest “moment of inertia” for a tube of uniform thickness. The theory is given in the Appendix and typical forms are shown in Fig. 3. A finite length of base has to be assumed; otherwise the curve reduces to a single straight line normal to the axis.