ACCIDENTS OF THE BRIDGE STRUCTURES AND THEIR REASONS

Examples of the destruction of bridge structures caused by overloading of the supporting structure, the appearance of aging material and the adverse effects of the operational environment are considered.

UJI AKTIFITAS TABIR SURYA NANO-TITANIUM OKSIDA UNTUK MENDUKUNG FORMULA KOSMETIK ANTIAGING KHUSUS MENGHAMBAT PENUAAN AKIBAT SINAR MATAHARI

Aging one of problems in social healthy especially in cosmetics community. UV-protection material was important because photo-aging give dominant effect at aging process. The development anti-aging material need exploration sunscreen material too. Utilization of Titanium Oxide in cosmetic formulation have been done. In this research Titanium Oxide was develop to form Nano-Titanium Oxide. It was important to get data that Nano-Titanium Oxide still have sunscreen activity. Spot, wrinkle and decrease of skin moisture were fast condition of aging if face skin get so many sun light especially UV-light with strong energy. In this research used nanomaterial of Titanium Oxide because nanomaterial give so many advantages. The method that used was measure UV absorption this material with UV-visible spectrophotometer instrument. The result of nanomaterial Titanium Oxide that still had sunscreen activity than support anti-aging in cosmetics formulation especially inhibit photo-aging. The impact of this research was the potential using of nanomaterial Titanium Oxide increase as anti-aging material that low level of cost in the future.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FACE AND NECK SKIN ELASTICITY IN 20-30 YEARS WOMEN

Prevention and correction of external signs of the face and neck aging are the main direction of modern cosmetology. The study of the skin functions of various zones of face and neck will allow to carry out more effectively cosmetic effects. The aim is to study the features of the elasticity of facial skin (forehead, skin around the eyes, cheeks) and neck in patients without external signs of skin aging. Material and methods. Elasticity of the face and neck skin was determined in 63 women aged 20-30 years, who made up four comparison groups: in the 1st group (22 women) the elasticity of the forehead skin was studied, in the 2nd group (43 women) - around eye, in the third group (49 women) - cheeks, in the 4th group (24 women) - the neck. To measure the elasticity of the skin the Cutometer MPA 580 (“Courage Khazaka”, Germany) was used. Results. The comparative analysis was performed with the forehead skin. The skin around the eyes was 61-68% more stretchy (R0, R8), 65% worse returned to the initial state (R1), including 26-62% with repeated suction cycles sensor (R3, R4, R9), by 1-11% less elastic (R2, R5, R7), by elastic-viscous properties (R6) is 26% better, but overall its elasticity is lower by 35-53% (F0, F1). The cheek skin is 91- 104% more stretchy (R0, R8), worse returns to the initial state (R1) by 22%, including by 10-82% with repeated suction cycles by the sensor (R3, R4, R9),13% more elastic (R2) and 15% less elastic (R5, R7), the elastic-viscous properties (R6) 41% better, but overall its elasticity is lower by 31-100% (F0, F1) . The neck skin is 186-257% more stretchable (R0, R8), 6% worse returns to the initial state (R1), including 13-164% with repeated suction cycles by the sensor (R3, R4, R9), by 11-28% more elastic (R2, R5, R7), by elastic-viscous properties (R6) 50% better, but overall its elasticity is lower by 88-153% (F0, F1). Conclusion. The skin of the forehead, around the eyes, cheeks and neck, according to the elasticity indices, has significant differences. The obtained data should be taken into account when carrying out various cosmetology techniques, further study are needed.