Evaluation of Water Content in Soils of Žitný Ostrov from the Point of View of Its Exploitation for Biosphere

The lithospheric zone between the soil surface and the first ground water horizon, respectively the ground water table, has a character of three-phase system. It consists of solid phase having fine to rough disperse granularity. This creates a structure of porous environment with characters that can be physically determined. The water occurs in pores in different forms of state and its bond with solid phase. Its energetic bond is clearly quantified by means of moisture retention curve. The gas phase fills pores with the water up to the value of the full porosity, i.e. it fills the part of pores that is not saturated with water. Therefore, this lithospheric zone is called the soil aeration zone. The volume of water occurring in the soil aeration zone corresponds to the concentration of water in the framework of hydrological cycle components. This water serves as the water resource for the vegetation cover. The data used for calculation were particular soil types in the area, depth of ground water table, hydrolimits (wilting point, point of decreased availability, field water capacity) and aeration zone thickness. The water content in the soil aeration zone between hydrolimits field water capacity (FWC) and wilting point (WP) is the critical interval of water content for vegetation cover in a given locality. Water from this interval is available for the vegetation cover. This water has no properties of free water, and plants have to have a developed root system and such suction pressure, that is able to overcome the bond between water and soil. Calculated results were verified with the help of monitored water content. Both calculated and measured values of soil water content in the aeration zone show that the water content is affected by appurtenant soil type. The human activity in a landscape directly affects the dynamics of this water resource, either from quantitative or qualitative viewpoint. This affect is demonstrated by changes of the ground water regime, i.e. changes of ground water table and amplitude of its fluctuation. The paper brings results of water content evaluation in the soil aeration zone in the Žitný ostrov area.

Study on Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Silica Fume and GGBS with Cement and Addition of Glass Fibers

Pervious Concrete for the pavements proves to be an effective and along- term solution for the universal problem of abnormal decrease of ground water table. Pervious Concrete has a unique mix design and giving special properties to the concrete which makes the concrete porous , allowing water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through , there by reducing run off volume and increasing ground water table. Inorder to reduce the damage being caused to the environment by the use of cement , inpervious concrete , cement is replaced with pozzolanic materials such as GGBS , silica fume sand to increase strength and durability , glass fibers in stipulated ratio are added to the concrete mixture. In this study ,the mix designs such as M30 and PC30 are considered . The fine aggregate is replaced with coarseaggregate by different ratios like 0% , 5% , 10% ,15%. by adding different pozzolanic matrals like GGBS, silicafume with glassfibers. To find the effectiveness of the use of pozzolancic and glassfibes, compressive strength conducted. The following Conclusions can be summarized by analyzing tests performed on PC specimens. A significant reduction of workability. And A progressive addition in compressive strength by increasing the percentage of fine aggregates and pozzolanic materials in mix. The conclusion of fine aggregate content in the specimen increases the density and increase the pozzolanic materials addition. And addition of silica fume and GGBS in the mixtures improve strength , compressive strength increases even after adding pozzolanic materials. Due to increase of fine aggregate content. For all replacement levels of PC with other mixes goes on decreasing in strength when compared with parent grade ofM30. While comparing with PC with Pozzolanic materials, For 7 days there is a drastic change for same replacement, and for 28 days itshowssimilar trend for 25% pozzolanic concrete and goes on decreasing for strength for compressive strength. For all replacement levels of PC with pozzolanic goes on decreasing in strength when compared with parent grade of M30. Compressive strength slightly increased by adding glass fibers to the allmixes.

Changes of soil salinity and ground waters at the rice systems in Sivash lowland after irrigation cease

The aim of the article is to submit data about ground water table and soil salinity of the rice irrigated systems at the Sivash seashore in Nyzhnegorsky district of Crimea in 2017–2018 which is 4–5 years from irrigation cease. It was found that many soil cover patterns with salt-affected solonetz at the rice system were leached from salts to the depth about 3–3.5 m by flooding irrigation during half a century. In 2017–2018 ground water tables were deeper than the critical depth. Ground water mineralization is characterized by mosaic spatial distribution, varying from 1.9 to 7.4 g/l with a tendency to growth as ground water depth increases. Depression funnel of ground water table was formed at the seashore. The bottom water drive is up to 0.8–1.6 m relatively sea level. The first symptoms of the salinity returning in grounds of vadose zone were found: (1) appearance of calcium and magnesium chlorides in pore solutions of formally no saline or weakly saline horizons; (2) increasing trend of sodium and chloride ion activity measured in pastes with moisture 50% (w) at the dynamic plots in 2018 as compared with 2017; (3) frequency of grounds with clustered gypsum crystals is increased.

Water Research for Local Recharging of Ground Water Table

The proposed system, helps to increase ground water table level to decrease the water crisis encountered by the people. The rain water harvesting system implemented by the government was a good system by the way but very less monsoon and unpredictable rain has made it unreliable for water table recharging. But an average household of 4 uses nearly 220 litres for bathing and nearly 200 litres for cleaning clothes and utensils per day all the water goes down for the sewage. This project aims in segregating these 400 litres of used water. By collecting all the used water in house and finding out its turbidity using led and photo detector. If water is turbid contents it is discharged into the sewage if the water is not turbid then the water is filtered using corn cobs and then diverted into the rain water harvesting system. This way at least 30 % (120 litres) out of the 400 litres of the used water can be diverted into the rain water harvesting system. When calculated for a month nearly 3600 litres can be recharged into the ground. The water diversion can be done with the help of a valve controlled by a solenoid. These are connected to the microcontroller to control all the process and send to Wi-Fi module.

An Experimental Development on Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Flyash, GGBS, Silica Fumes with cement by adding Glass Fiber

Pervious Concrete for the pavements proves to be an effective and a long-term solution for the universal problem of abnormal decrease of ground water table. Pervious Concrete has a unique mix design and giving special properties to the concrete which makes the concrete porous, allowing water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through , thereby reducing run off volume and increasing ground water table. In order to reduce the damage being caused to the environment by the use of cement , in pervious concrete , cement is replaced with pozzolanic materials such as flyash , GGBS , silica fume sand to increase strength and durability , glass fibers in stipulated ratio are added to the concrete mixture. In this study, the mix designs such as M30 and PC30 are considered. The fine aggregate is replaced with coarse aggregate by different ratios like 0% , 5% , 10% ,15%. by adding different pozzolanic materials like flyash, GGBS, silica fumes with glass fibers. To find the effectiveness of the use of pozzolancic and glass fibers, compressive strength and split tensile strength are conducted.