L’armée canadienne et les médias en Afghanistan : quelle évolution de l’intégration et des relations dans les opérations?

Background: After the Americans in Iraq, the Canadian military implemented media embedding in Afghanistan. This article examines the evolution of embedding as a communication strategy and considers military-media relations in operations. Analysis: The analysis distinguishes between three phases: 1) a phase of experimentation with the first program in Kabul in 2003; 2) a phase of consolidation with a program intended for the combat mission in Kandahar; 3) a phase of tension with elements of friction that had an impact on war coverage. Conclusions and implications: This article reveals military-media relations that alternate between trust and mistrust. Embedding is a surveillance apparatus that offers regulated access without censorship but with a subtle alternation between openness and closure.Contexte : Après les Américains en Irak, l’Armée canadienne a mis en place l’embedding médiatique en Afghanistan. Cet article examine l’évolution de l’intégration comme stratégie de communication ainsi que les relations armée-médias dans les opérations. Analyse : L’analyse distingue trois phases : l’expérimentation avec le premier programme à Kaboul en 2003; la consolidation avec un programme destiné à la mission de combat; la crispation avec des éléments de friction qui ont eu un impact sur la couverture de la guerre. Conclusions et implications : Cet article montre des relations armée-médias qui alternent entre la confiance et la méfiance. L’embedding est un dispositif de surveillance multiforme avec un accès régulé sans la censure mais par un jeu subtil d’ouvertures et de fermetures.

Framing of Kashmir Conflict in Elite Pakistani and Indian Newspapers after Revocation of Special Status of the Disputed Territory

Purpose: The division of J&K into two federally administered territories has deepened the feelings of alienation and subjugation in the Kashmiris. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the peace and war framing of the Kashmir conflict after the revocation of the special status of the disputed territory in the Indian and Pakistani media. The study also attempts to explore the geo strategic relevance of Jammu and Kashmir for China. Design/Methodology/Approach: Framing, Peace and War Journalism theories were used in this study. Quantitative content analysis method was used to analyze the peace and war framing of the J&K conflict in Dawn and Times of India. Findings: Results of the content analysis supported the assumption that war coverage was the most highly recorded coverage pattern in both Indian and Pakistani newspapers. Dawn took a lead in peace journalism framing with 25.56% of its editorials and columns dominated with peace journalism frames whereas 11.88% editorials and columns in Times of India were dominated with peace journalism frames. Implications/Originality/Value: It is concluded that Kashmir conflict was predominantly framed in the war journalism perspective by the Indian and Pakistani media. The study also indicated that China seeks to maintain stability in the region as the interaction of Xinjiang and Tibet with the western markets cannot be fully explored without peaceful settlement of the Kashmir conflict.

Visual deductive conflict frame (War Coverage)

This variable describes how a war is depicted in the photos published by a news organization. It thereby suggests what interpretation or perspective on a war is promoted through the visual layer of news discourse. Visual frame analyses of war coverage have largely relied on deductive analyses. As such, studies measure frames that have been derived from the existing literature or small pilot studies (cf. Jungblut & Zakareviciute, 2019). Some of these deductive frames have been applied in multiple studies that are focused on a variety of conflict cases (e.g. Schwalbe, 2013; Schwalbe & Dougherty, 2015). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Visual frame analysis is grounded in the framing approach that describes a media frame as the result of a journalistic process of selecting some aspects of a given social reality and making them more salient than others (Entman, 1993). As such, visual framing is often measured to analyze how a war is depicted in the news. Research thus aims to unravel what image of a war is transported to the audience and thereby seeks to understand if there is a bias towards one of the involved conflict parties. As a result, visual frames usually tend to be conceptualized as the dependent variable within a research design (cf. Jungblut & Zakareviciute, 2019; Schwalbe, 2013). References/combination with other methods of data collection: Experimental research designs have been used to analyze the effect of different visual frames. In this, research examines whether visual framing can affect recipients’ attitude towards conflict parties and whether frames can evoke an emotional response in the audience (Brantner, Lobinger & Wetzstein, 2011). Sample operationalization: Please indicate which of these frames is present in the photo. In each photo, multiple frames can be present at the same time. Frame Description Measurement Conflict Frame Depiction of the combatants, including weapons, troops, POWs, and combat 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Human Interest Frame Depiction of noncombatants, such as civilians and humanitarian relief workers 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Violence of War Frame Depiction of the results of conflict, such as injury, death, and destruction 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Anti-War Protest Frame Depiction of anti-war demonstrations and protests 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Media Self-Reference Frame Depiction of journalists at home and in the conflict zone 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Politicians Frame Depiction of politicians and negotiations 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Looting Frame Depiction of looting 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Oil Resources Frame Depiction of oil fields and refineries 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Information on Schwalbe, 2013 Author: Carol B. Schwalbe Research question/research interest: Visually Framing of the Iraq War in TIME, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report Object of analysis: Three News Magazines (TIME, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report) timeframe of analysis: Time frame starts with the opening day of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq (March 19, 2003) and ended with the transfer of limited sovereignty to the provisional Iraqi government (June 28, 2004). Info about variable Variable name/definition: Deductive visual conflict frame Level of analysis: Image Values: 0 = absent, 1= present (for each of the described frames) Scale: binary (nominal) References Brantner, C., Lobinger, K., & Wetzstein, I. (2011). Effects of visual framing and evaluations of news stories on emotional responses about the Gaza conflict 2009. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(3), 523-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901108800304 Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x Jungblut, M., & Zakareviciute, I. (2019). Do Pictures Tell a Different Story? A multimodal frame analysis of the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict. Journalism Practice, 13(2), 206-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1412804 Schwalbe, C. B. (2013). Visually framing the invasion and occupation of Iraq in Time, Newsweek, and US News & World Report. International Journal of Communication, 7, 239-262. Doi: 1932–8036/20130005 Schwalbe, C. B., & Dougherty, S. M. (2015). Visual coverage of the 2006 Lebanon War: Framing conflict in three US news magazines. Media, War & Conflict, 8(1), 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635215571204

From “Ideal Social Model” to Reality

This paper examines the development of Vietnamese studies in post–World War II Japan. During the Vietnam War, Vietnamese studies in Japan was developed by a young generation of academics who were shocked by war coverage. Some of these scholars viewed Vietnamese society and its nationalist spirit as their “ideal social model,” and dedicated themselves to research topics centered on Vietnam’s rural society, revolution, and nationalism. However, when fieldwork became possible in the 1990s after the Đổi Mới reforms, research subjects became diversified among scholars who came after the Vietnam War generation as they encountered the country’s diverse realities.

The Great Patriotic War and the Russian Orthodox Church on the pages of the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” in 1943–1945

The article presents an analysis of the materials in the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” from 1943–1945, devoted to the Great Patriotic War and the position of the Russian Orthodox Church in relation to this terrible event in the history of mankind. There are four main blocks of materials: the official chronicle of the war, coverage of military events and the situation of the Church in the conditions of military operations, messages to the faithful population in the territories embroiled in military operations, and articles on particular issues related to the war. Of great importance is not only the coverage of the chronicle, but also the support in the conditions of the ongoing war, which was provided to believers by bishops Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky), Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky, Patriarch since February 1945), and Metropolitan Nikolai (Yarushevich). In the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate”, the struggle against the German invaders was regarded as a struggle against the servants of the devil. Correspondence from the field testified to the damage caused by the Nazis not only to the Church, but also to the civilian population. In the mid-1940s, the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” became the publication where the Russian Orthodox Church could express both its attitude to events and its unity with the people, which was necessary in the conditions of war.

The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War: Specifics of Coverage by French Correspondents in the Far East

The article aims at identiIying the speciIic qualities oI corerage oI the war between Russia and Japan in 1904-1905 by French newspapers. The study is based on the publications in Iour oI the leading French newspapers oI the period (Le Figaro, Le Temps, Le Journal, and Le Matin) which are presented in Gallica, the online archiye of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque nationale de France). Particular attention is Iocused on publications that reIlect the early period oI the conIlict (27 January - 10 February 1904) and sereral episodes of the war (the shelling of Port Arthur in January-February 1904 and the battle of Liaoyang 24 August - 4 September 1904). The study of archiral documents (a total of 15 issues of Le Matin, 15 issues of Le Journal, 10 issues of Le Figaro, and 2 issues of Le Temps that hare preriously been neither fully translated into Russian nor presented to the academic community) clearly demonstrates that the French newspapers followed one single communication strategy which was quite different from the other pro-Japanese European and American media. The study of hard news and interriews published on the early stage of the conflict reflects the attempts to create a positire image of the Russian Empire in the eyes of French readers, eren though the analysed newspapers relied mainly on reports from English, German, and American newspapers and telegraph agencies. Howerer, reportages, published by a dozen of journalists sent to the theatre of operations in the Far East from Paris, were not only a part of this strategy to reinforce the positive image of Russian troops, they also created an objective picture and a deeply personal account of the event seen through the eyes of a war reporter - the identity and adventures of a war correspondent became, for the first time in the history of French press, a major subject of interest for the audience of the French press. Having examined in detail the publications of two quality newspapers (Le Figaro and Le Temps) and two newspapers for a wider audience (Le Matin and Le Journal) presented on the website of the Gallica archive, the author comes to the conclusion that the French press established a dual approach to war coverage in these years. Despite the great role of information from foreign newspapers and telegraph agencies, gradually, it is the reportage from French correspondents that becomes the leading genre in French journalism at the beginning of the 20th century. Articles describing the reporter's view of the war laid the foundation not only for war journalism but for reportage journalism in the French press as well. Therefore, this study analyses these publications as proper examples of the war reportage and not just as individual correspondence from the front lines. The case of the Russo-Japanese war coverage allows analysing the principles of the construction of belligerents' images in quality and mass newspapers as well as their communication strategy.

Explaining the killing of journalists in the contemporary era: The importance of hybrid regimes and subnational variations

Explanations for an increase in the killing of journalists worldwide over the last quarter century include the dangers of war coverage and unsafe conditions in formally democratic countries. Analyzing 1812 killings of journalists from 1992 to 2016, we find that countries with hybrid political regimes mixing liberal and illiberal elements create by far the most dangerous context for journalists, while a particular spatial configuration within those countries, subnational authoritarianism, clarifies the logic of the killings. In short, the study finds that most journalists died in countries where formal democratic norms and practices at the national level encourage investigative reporting in local arenas where powerholders have incentives to violently suppress critical press coverage. On a theoretical level, the synthesis of spatial analysis, comparative politics and journalism studies opens a fruitful path for theorizing anti-press violence and journalist safety. In terms of policy, international action should increase costs to national governments that overlook local misbehavior in return for political support. Discourse spotlighting local journalists’ contributions to human rights and democratic accountability may also be helpful.

A Good Fooling: Journalism’s Narrative of Surprise Military Homecomings

A narrative analysis was performed on recent media texts regarding the return of members of the US military and staged reunions with their family members. The USA’s current state of permanent war means that it needs more instances of closure. The narrative that emerged from news coverage is a reminder that reunions, while providing closure, are also one of the last bastions of war coverage, even as journalists have ceded control of it to event organizers. War has been made perfectly safe for public consumption at long last. It is argued that such coverage causes us to disassociate from war and its cost, and to recognize, but not truly understand, the hardships endured by military families. We see only their tears of joy upon the return of their loved ones. The media contribute to this misunderstanding by crafting purportedly more personal connections to military personnel by portraying their experiences through a human-interest lens. We recognize – for a scripted moment – the hardships endured by military families. We see only their tears of joy upon the return of their loved ones. The narrative analyzed here is operationalized by officials to encourage us to think about the military, not the wars.

Sajtóirányítás és háborús propaganda az I. világháború idõszakában

In the 1910-s, press flourished in Hungary. However, as a result of the political crisis preceding the World War, then the outburst of the war, there were significant restrictions introduced in the field of the press, while after the start of the fights, compulsory censorship was introduced. The Military Supervisory Commission was taking over the control of mass communication to an ever increasing extent. Publishing papers infringing military interests with their news were suspended for shorter or longer periods. The newly set up Press Command Post fulfilled the tasks of publishing military information and supervising war coverage. This organisation not only provided newscasts, but also monitored the international press and involved the representatives of the most varied art forms (writers, painters, even film producers) in the war propaganda. In the heartland, interest towards military events and at the front, towards home conditions increased more and more, however, the information flow was considerably restricted both here and there. Due to the prolongation of the war, and the increase in difficulties and losses, the role of the propaganda activity performed among the soldiers and within the heartland became more and more important. Many people considered that all-in propaganda, also received a decisive role in the all-in war.