ANÁLISE MULTITEMPORAL DA DINÂMICA DA PAISAGEM E DA ÁREA DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE (APP) DA ILHA DE MOSQUEIRO/PA

MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS AND PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREA (APP) OF MOSQUEIRO ISLAND/PA ANÁLISIS MULTITEMPORAL DE LA DINÁMICA DEL PAISAJE Y DE LA ÁREA DE PRESERVACIÓN PERMANENTE DE LA ISLA MOSQUEIRO/PARESUMOAs mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra causam impactos ambientais, principalmente em áreas de vegetação nativa. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a mudança da paisagem e das Áreas de Preservação Permanentes (APPs) da Ilha de Mosqueiro em Belém, Pará. Para isso, aplicou-se o processamento e a classificação de imagens do satélite LANDSAT 5 e 8, dos sensores TM e OLI, dos últimos 34 anos, juntamente com trabalho de campo para validação das classes de uso e cobertura da terra. As imagens foram manipuladas em ambientes de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Os resultados mostraram aumento significativo de 1.137,02 ha (5,4%) para 2.420,77 ha (11,4%) de urbanização, de 14,76 ha (0,1%) para 405,67 ha (1,9%) de atividade mineral, 489,06 ha (2,3%) para 2.966,09 ha (14%) de áreas de sucessão vegetativa e diminuição de floresta de 17.167 ha (81%) para 13.262,94 (62,6%). A APP apresentou apenas 5,52% de áreas em desacordo com a lei, constatando baixa degradação e conservação de 94,4%.Palavras-chave: Uso e Cobertura da Terra; Geoprocessamento; Belém. ABSTRACTChanges in land use and cover cause environmental impacts, especially in areas of native vegetation. Thus, the objective of this article was to evaluate the change in the landscape and the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of Mosqueiro Island in Belém, Pará. For this, image processing and classification from the LANDSAT 5 and 8 satellite, TM sensors OLI, from the last 34 years, from the last 34 years, was conducted and a field visit was carried out to validate the land use and cover classes. The images were manipulated in Geographic Information System (GIS) environments. The results showed a significant increase from 1,137.02 ha (5.4%) to 2,420.77 ha (11.4%) of urbanization, from 14.76 ha (0.1%) to 405.67 ha (1.9%) of mineral activity, 489.06 ha (2.3%) to 2,966.09 ha (14%) of areas of vegetative succession and forest decrease from 17,167 ha (81%) to 13,262.94 (62.6%). The APP presented only 5.52% of areas in disagreement with the law, showing low degradation and conservation of 94.4%.Keywords: Land Use/Cover; Geoprocessing; Belém.RESUMENLos cambios en el uso y cobertura del suelo provocan impactos ambientales, especialmente en áreas de vegetación nativa. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar el cambio en el paisaje y las Áreas de Preservación Permanente (APPs) en la Isla Mosqueiro en Belém, Pará. Los metodos utilizados fueron el procesamiento y classificación de imágenes del satélite LANDSAT 5 y 8, sensores TM y OLI , de los últimos 34 años, junto con una visita de campo para validar las clases de uso y cobertura del suelo. Las imágenes fueron manipuladas en entornos de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo de 1.137,02 ha (5,4%) a 2.420,77 ha (11,4%) de urbanización, de 14,76 ha (0,1%) a 405,67 ha (1,9%) de actividad mineral, de 489,06 ha (2,3%) a 2.966,09 ha. (14%) de áreas de sucesión vegetativa y bosque disminuyen de 17,167 ha (81%) a 13,262.94 (62.6%). La APP presentó solo el 5,52% de áreas en desacuerdo con la ley, mostrando baja degradación y conservación del 94,4%.Palabras clave: Uso y Cobertura de la Tierra; Geoprocesamiento; Belém.

Structure and factors of forest birds diversity forming in the Ishim river area (Russia)

The paper studies the relationship between specific parameters of habitats (the forest area along the route, the average age of the forest, the closure of the crowns, the condition of the crowns, the type of anthropogenic impact, the stage of vegetative succession, the wetting of the forest), the abundance of birds, Shannon and Simpsons indices of the species diversity of forest ornithocenosis. This study is based on the materials of field bird records conducted in the seasons of 2014-2016 on 28 permanent routes in the forest habitats of the Ishim River area (Russia). A statistically significant effect of the anthropogenic impact on the Shannon diversity index and the significant influence of the plant succession stage on Shannons species diversity index and the abundance of birds have been established by the method of one-way analysis of variance using the nonparametric Kraskel-Walliss criterion. It is shown that the maximum value of Shannons index of variety is characteristic for the ornithocenosis of recreational forests; the one close to the maximum is in forests in which grazing is carried out. In the course of plant succession, there is initially an insignificant increase in the total abundance of birds, then a significant decrease in it, as well as a sharp decrease of Shannons diversity index. The obtained results show that the anthropogenic load in form of cattle grazing and recreation conditions an increase in forest habitats heterogeneity and thereby contributes to an increase in bird species diversity.

Transient populations in the British conservation priority lichen,Cladonia botrytes

In the face of changing environments, conservation is tending towards an adaptive framework which accounts for the movement of species in the landscape. This makes it necessary to quantify population dynamics of species of concern. We studied the nationally scarceCladonia botrytes, a priority Biodiversity Action Plan species in Britain, examining population dynamics at two scales: first, we studied the demography for two populations over a period of 13 years. The monitored populations declined to complete absence, starting from 77 mats on 19 stumps. Individual mats persisted maximally for up to 7 years, but over 78% of more than 290 individual cases persisted only 1 year, and more than 93% of mats disappeared within 3 years. Secondly, we performed a targeted regional survey of more than 800 stumps across an additional 27 sites in the centre of the lichen's distribution in Britain in 2006. The largest populations known from 1998 were revisited and found to no longer support the species; only 9 stumps in 5 sites supportedC. botrytesin 2006. We show thatC. botrytesin Britain is characterized by short individual and population persistence times, probably locally dependent upon vegetative succession including overgrowth and shading, and the degree of stump decay. The species' transient nature poses a particular challenge to conservation, though we identify comparable systems from which lessons may be learned.

The ant mosaic in Ghana cocoa farms

The distribution of ants in a 2·25-ha cocoa plantation at the University of Ghana Agricultural Research Station, Kade, was recorded in December 1970. The 44 species of ants found could be grouped as dominant, co-dominant, sub-dominant and nondominant. Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.) and Macromischoides aculeatus (Mayr) were mutually exclusive as were six Crematogaster spp.; the latter were also exclusive of O. longinoda and M. aculeatus. Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr became dominant under insolated conditions, and Platythyrea frontalis Emery for reasons unknown. The distribution of these ant species in cocoa plantations resembles a three-dimensional mosaic which is preserved by their aggressiveness and by competition for food and nesting sites. It is suggested that this mosaic is due to vegetative succession.