Comrade Tito, it’s all your fault! Yugoslav Citizens’ Letters to Josip Broz Tito

Between 1945 and 1967, Josip Broz Tito, the Marshal and President of Yugoslavia, ‎received 411,769 letters written by citizens of his country. Until 1964 ‎he personally read most of the letters addressed to him and made decisions‎ on requests and comments expressed in them. In this article we argue that ‎Tito used the letters received to establish a direct link between himself and ‎citizens. This was one of the key instruments of his power, as he used letters ‎to conduct a permanent ‘anti-bureauratic revolution’ which would squeeze ‎lower-level officials into a sandwich between him and ‘the people’. We focus ‎on one particular letter, written by Dragomir Katić, a 27-year old unemployed ‎person from Kraljevo, Serbia. The letter arrived in February 1967, and Tito ‎used this occasion to personally meet Katić. Despite Tito’s promise, however, ‎Katić’s problem could not be solved for more than two years, due to a power‎ struggle between Tito and local officials in Serbia. This case sheds new light ‎on the nature of Tito’s alleged absolute power in Yugoslavia. It tells us much‎ about the attitude of dissatisfied individuals in Communist Yugoslavia, who ‎cared much more about solving their personal problems than about changing‎ the system, at least for as long as Tito was alive.‎

PSYCHOSEMANTIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMAGE OF AN UNEMPLOYED PERSON EXPERIENCING A STATE OF ANGUISH IN THE CONTEXT OF A CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC

Today, in all countries, the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders due to the impact of coronavirus infection is manifested many times higher than in previous years. The constraints in the economic life of the entire world associated with the spread of COVID-19 have led to the loss of jobs. The aim of this study was to reconstruct (on the basis of the perceptions of the par-ticipants of the experiment) the image of a person experiencing a state of anguish due to the job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve the goal, a projective method was used (mini essays on a given topic in a free form). Then the content analysis of the essays was carried out and the characteristic features of a person experiencing a state of anguish due to the job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic were highlighted.

PERAN GANDA PEREMPUAN DALAM KEHARMONISAN RUMAH TANGGA: Studi Kasus di Desa Ngabar Kecamatan Siman Kabupaten Ponorogo

This study aims to determine the effect of womens dual roles on family harmony. A qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. The results show the factors that cause women to play a dual role, namely: the economic needs of her family are increasing, she wants to use the knowledge she has, she wants to help her husband meet family needs, she works to fill spare time, her husband dies, her husband an unemployed person. It is not true that the opinion that says that if women work outside the home, the result is that the family situation is not harmonious, because from this research it is proven that the informants families remain harmonious even though they are women who play a dual role. But there are impacts, namely: the closeness to family members, especially with children is reduced, the division of labor at home is reduced, and interaction with the community is also reduced.

Profiling help for an unemployed person - an unsuccessful experiment or a missed opportunity?

In June 2019 the profiling of support for the unemployed was eliminated (introduced in middle of 2014). The process of support profiling was supposed to more accurately dedicate support to people registering in employment agency, but over time the profiling became a routine procedure. Statutory support instruments for people detached from the labour market were also symbolic. The Constitutional Tribunal, the Ombudsman and the employees of the local (poviat) employment agencies themselves spoke critically about the support profiling. According to them the profiling system prevented those people from operating effectively due to the limited range of forms of assistance that could be used in the established assistance profile. The purpose of my article is to try to answer the question of why the profiling did not work in Polish conditions. The article contains conclusions from a short study on this issue conducted in poviat employment agencies in January 2020.

The probability of exitfrom registered unemployment, based on the example of Szczecin

The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of sex, age and education on the probability of exit from the registered unemployment in Szczecin. For the purposes of the study, the authors employed the survival analysis method, where they used survival trees built on the basis of the Kaplan-Meier estimators and adopted the statistic of the log-rank test as the splitting criterion. The research analysed the two most frequent reasons for deregistration, namely starting a job and the unemployed person’s failure to meet the conditions for being registered as unemployed. In addition, the study extracted subgroups of persons whom it took shortest and longestto start a job or deregister froma labour office. The analysis was based on the microdata from the Powiat Labour Office in Szczecin concerning persons who registered as unemployed in 2013 and were moni-tored until the end of 2014. The calculations were made in the R computer programme, using the partykit package and the ctree function. The research demonstrated that the probability of deregistration from the unemployment register because of finding a job depends solely on the age and education of the unemployed person, while the probability of getting removed from the unemployment register –on the two former determinants plus sex.

Infinite testing: tests and critique in and below the public

In chapter 9 the key dynamics driving the active turn are teased out. The composite and tension-filled repertoire installs a multicausal and behavioural problematisation of unemployment where there is constant room for improvement and adjustments. At the level of public debate, this manifests in a permanent testing of policy instruments’ behavioural effect. At the level of the every-day governing of the unemployed, the tensions between the different cities of the active turn are mitigated in categorisations and various and continuous tests that evaluate the behaviour of the unemployed. The tests, such as profiling, screening, interviews and contracts, thus continuously ask what kind of subject the unemployed person is (i.e., what city do you live in?), how worthy are you and what instruments will make you more worthy, that is bring you closer to working. The chapter then points to the implications for the way in which the voice of the unemployed is qualified. The book ends with a discussion of to what extend the ideas of universal basic income and social economy/enterprises, that have received growing attention in international policy debates, contain credible alternatives to the moral economy of activation.

Personality and Psychological Status of An Unemployed

This investigation aims to identify the personal features and psychological status of the unemployed person and the ways of work with people who are currently unemployed. This article is about unemployed person characteristics under self-concept. Also, this article includes scientific and theoretical representations about a “fully functioning” person by the emotional, cognitive and behavioural components of self-awareness. The results of unemployed person research are presented based on the result analysis and observation. For example, 3% of unemployed people consider that they have a deficient level of efficiency. Lower than average level of efficiency has 8,5% of the interview. Working qualities as very high considered 46% of men and 26% of women. Higher than average ability to work considered 76% of men and 68% of women. Also, 8% of men and 5% of women rate themselves as adventurous people. As people with low entrepreneurship, rate themselves about 55% of all unemployed. Also, 28% of people rated their mental state as satisfied, and only 6% - as confident and optimistic. Only one-third of the unemployed (34%) are in a subjectively favourable state of affairs, while the remaining 66% feel some negative experiences. It is important to mention that the construct of self-concept is appropriate to use in determining the goals of correction and development work. Corrective and development work involves a set of activities aimed at psychological support and elimination of negative aspects in the psychology of the unemployed person.

Contextual factors and the experience of unemployment: A review of qualitative studies

This study aimed to review qualitative studies on the contextual factors affecting the experience of unemployed individuals. From the analysis of the findings of 13 qualitative studies, the conclusion was reached that the contextual factors, namely the broader society, the surrounding community, and the individual as actor or agent, had a direct impact on the unemployment experience of individuals. It was recommended that unemployed individuals be organised into community subgroups, constructed to participate in projects aimed at empowering the community to improve cohesion, equality among members, and a collaborative attitude. Social scientists ought to make an effort to advocate a marked improvement in society’s tolerance for, and understanding of, the realities faced by the unemployed person. One such reality was that a well-paying job that would take an individual out of financial hardship could be well out of reach of some individuals, which would mean a life of surviving without any regular income.