Role of Sleep and Pain Control in Endodontic Therapy

Aim: To discover and relate the role of sleep with pain perception in patients undergoing endodontic therapy. Study design: The study was quantitative correlational design in nature. Place and duration of study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental section Islam Dental College, Sialkot. Duration of study was two years 2019-2020 Methods: Five hundred patients were included in the study, which were scheduled for endodontic therapy. Results: Five hundred patients were included in the study. The correlation between sleep and pain during endodontic therapy was -.039 which was found non-significant. 250 cases have mild pain (50%), 158 cases (31.6%) have moderate pain, 92 cases (18.4%) have severe pain. Sleep deprived cases in the study were 264(52.8%), while cases who were practicing good sleeping habits were 236 (47.25%). Conclusion: There exists a statistically significant relationship between perception of pain during endodontic therapy and sleep. In order to improve the outcome of endodontic therapy dental professionals should educate their patients on the importance of good sleep hygiene along with dental hygiene. Keywords: Sleep, pain, endodontic therapy.

Impact of E-Recruitment on the Effectiveness of Human Resource Department in Private HEIs in Pakistan

This study aims to expound on the concept of “E-Recruitment” and its impact on the “HR department effectiveness” in the private higher education institutions of Karachi, Pakistan. The core objectives of the research study are to determine the level of effectiveness and relationship between E-Recruitment and the HR department of private HEI’s of Karachi. A worklist can be found on industrial sectors, service sectors in the context of e-recruitment, but the research gap on educational institutions particularly Private HEI’s is still there. An in-depth literature review is discussed. The research methodology briefs that, this study was both an Explanatory and Exploratory design in nature. 2 self-developed questionnaires were utilized. Using SPSS version 25.0, the researchers performed several tests including descriptive statistics, reliability test, KMO, Bartlett’s test, Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression tests. The results have proved that there is a strong positive relationship between independent and dependent variables and the relationship between them is accepted at a 5% significance level. Also, it was evidenced from interviews that E-recruitment is a cost-beneficial method, has a greater geographical reach, shortened recruitment procedures, provides reliability in the recruitment procedure, and also facilitates the selection process of the HR department.

Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Secondary Schools Leadership: Promotee and Punjab Public Service Commission' Selectee

The study was aimed to check the effectiveness of secondary schools leadership, i.e. promotee and Punjab Public Service Commission (PPSC) selectees. It was descriptive research and cross-sectional survey design in nature. Population for this study comprised of all 4188 SSTs working under promotes and selectees school leadership across Punjab province. The sample consisted of 648 SSTs selected on a systematic random basis. The opinions were taken from SSTs about their school leadership by a self-developed questionnaire which was based on four points Likert scale. Independent sample t-test and Chi-square tests were applied to analyze the data. The study concluded that Punjab Public Service Commission' selectees school leadership regarding passionate vision, developing a conducive environment and struggle for fostering collaboration are found more effective than promotee school leadership. The study recommends training may be managed for both types of leadership, especially for promotee leaders for better performance.

Students’ “teleological misconceptions” in evolution education: why the underlying design stance, not teleology per se, is the problem

Teleology, explaining the existence of a feature on the basis of what it does, is usually considered as an obstacle or misconception in evolution education. Researchers often use the adjective “teleological” to refer to students’ misconceptions about purpose and design in nature. However, this can be misleading. In this essay, I explain that teleology is an inherent feature of explanations based on natural selection and that, therefore, teleological explanations are not inherently wrong. The problem we might rather address in evolution education is not teleology per se but the underlying “design stance”. With this I do not refer to creationism/intelligent design, and to the inference to a creator from the observation of the apparent design in nature (often described as the argument from design). Rather, the design stance refers to the intuitive perception of design in nature in the first place, which seems to be prevalent and independent from religiosity in young ages. What matters in evolution education is not whether an explanation is teleological but rather the underlying consequence etiology: whether a trait whose presence is explained in teleological terms exists because of its selection for its positive consequences for its bearers, or because it was intentionally designed, or simply needed, for this purpose. In the former case, the respective teleological explanation is scientifically legitimate, whereas in the latter case it is not. What then should be investigated in evolution education is not whether students provide teleological explanations, but which consequence etiologies these explanations rely upon. Addressing the design stance underlying students’ teleological explanations could be a main aim of evolution education.

The Naïve Teleological Argument

This chapter considers an argument from design, meant for those without a technical scientific background, and based on Thomas Reid’s concept of natural signs. For Reid, sensations function as natural signs in perception when some object in the world causes sensations, on the basis of which one is disposed to form beliefs and concepts about those objects. This establishes direct, non-inferential knowledge of what we perceive. If God exists, it is plausible that He would make himself known by means of natural signs. One kind of natural sign would be the perceived design in nature. According to both externalist and internalist accounts of knowledge, natural signs of God offer justification for a person to believe in God. The justification could be non-inferential but the sign could also be the basis of an argument of the type explained in this chapter. The chapter ends by responding to an objection from evolution against apparent design.

James Bell Pettigrew (1832–1908) MD, LLD, FRS, comparative anatomist, physiologist and aerobiologist

After leaving Glasgow University, Pettigrew joined the Edinburgh Medical School in 1856. Professor Goodsir determined Pettigrew’s entire future by awarding him the Anatomy Gold Medal for an essay on cardiac muscle. The essay was accompanied by dissections of such high quality that they led to the Croonian Lecture of the Royal Society of London in 1860. After graduating, Pettigrew’s time as House Surgeon to James Syme was followed by a position in the Hunterian Museum, London. Intensive studies of urinary and alimentary muscle, and observations of insects and animals, with lectures on flight to distinguished societies, contributed to disabling illness and a long convalescence but in 1869 Pettigrew became Conservator of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and then Pathologist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The publication of Physiology of the Circulation and of Animal Locomotion, with its emphasis on aeronautics, ensured international fame. Fellowship of both London and Edinburgh Royal Societies was another factor contributing to Pettigrew’s election to the Chandos Chair at St Andrews University in 1875. The construction and abortive flying of a motor-driven aeroplane came near the end of his life and Pettigrew gave his remaining years to completing his monumental Design in Nature.

Constructal Law: Optimization as Design Evolution

Here, I review the physics meaning of optimization, knowledge and design evolution, and why these concepts and human activities are profoundly useful for human life. A law of physics is a concise statement that summarizes a phenomenon that occurs in nature. A phenomenon is a fact, circumstance, or experience that is apparent to the human senses and can be described. The design in nature phenomenon facilitates access for everything that flows, evolves, spreads, and is collected: river basins, atmospheric and ocean currents, animal life and migration, and technology (the evolution of the “human-and-machine species,” wealth, life). This phenomenon is summarized by the constructal law: the occurrence and evolution of designs in nature, its time direction. Based on its record, the constructal law accounts for the design phenomenon and also for all the phenomena that have been described individually (ad-hoc) with end-design (destiny) statements of “optimality” (min, max). Most notably, the constructal law accounts for contradictory end-design statements such as minimum entropy production and maximum entropy production, and minimum flow resistance and maximum flow resistance.