PENGARUH KETINGGIAN TEMPAT TUMBUH TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN SITOTOKSIK EKSTRAK RIMPANG LENGKUAS (Alpinia galanga L.)

Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga L.) merupakan tanaman yang telah banyak digunakan sebagai rempah dan obat tradisional dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tanaman ini mengandung senyawa bioaktif flavonoid yang memiliki efek antioksidan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ketinggian tempat tumbuh terhadap aktivitas antiokasidan dan toksisitas dari ekstrak rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga L.). Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi sedangkan kadar polifenol dan flavonoid total dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Folin-ciocalteu dan metode kolorimetri yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan alat spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-Pikrihidrazil) dan sitotoksisitas dengan menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethaly Test). Ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat diperoleh rendemen sebesar 2,24% untuk dataran rendah, 3,51% dataran sedang dan dataran tinggi sebesar 3,77%. Analisis kadar fenolik dan flavanoid diperoleh berturut turut dari dataran rendah ke tinggi sebesar 6,08±0,26% dan 2,25±0,05%, 5,09±0,14% dan 1,09±0,08, 5,47±0,24% dan 1,16±0,3%. Aktifitas antioksidan yang tertinggi diperoleh pada dataran rendah diperoleh IC50 332,48 bpj, kemudian pada dataran tinggi dengan IC50 447,14 bpj dan pada dataran sedang diperoleh IC50 sebesar 518,57 bpj. Uji sitotoksik terhadap ketiga ekstrak menunjukkan hasil LC50 yang tidak terlalu berbeda antara ketiga lokasi tersebut.

Basic Studies Aiming at Orius minutus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Mass-Rearing

This study presented biological and economic data for the mass-rearing of Orius minutus in Korea. Simplifying the mass-rearing process through an alternative diet and an artificial oviposition substrate is a prerequisite for enhancing the usability of this insect as a biological control agent. We compare the hatch rate of O. minutus eggs deposited on a plant substrate with that of eggs deposited on two artificial substrates, cork sheets and rubber. The results indicate that cork sheet is the most cost-effective artificial oviposition substrate for the mass-rearing of O. minutus. We also examine five feeding treatments that included two types of brine shrimp eggs and eggs of Ephestia cautella to compare the number of eggs laid in the fifth generation. We found no significant difference between the two treatment groups; 61.3 eggs were laid in the treatment group fed iron-coated brine shrimp and moth eggs, and 67.4 eggs were laid in the control group. The plant-free model developed in our study can reduce rearing costs by 70.5% compared to the conventional mass-rearing model.

Assessment cytotoxic assay of Rhizophora plants mangrove using brine shrimp (Artemia salina L) model

Rhizophoraceae is the main family of mangroves as a source of bioactive compounds originating from the coast. Ethnophamacologically Rhizophoraceae has been used in various traditional medicine. Natural sources as anticancer from the Rhizophoraceae family are interesting to know. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic bioactivity of methanolic extracts of roots, bark, leaves, and fruit/hypocotyl from five species of Rhizophoraceae (Bruguieria cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, and R. mucronata) from the Langsa mangrove forest, Aceh. The method used in this study was the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) bioassay using Artemia salina Leach at extract concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/ml. Samples were extracted using the maceration method and methanol as the solvent. The cytotoxic activity of 20 Rhizophoraceae methanol extracts showed that 12 extracts were toxic with an LC50 range of 31.5 - 934.9 μg/ml (based on LC50 ≤ 1000 μg/ml). The two extracts of which the closest to highly toxic (based on LC50 ≤ 30 μg/ml) were C. decandra bark showed LC50 of 31.5 μg/ml, and R. mucronata bark showed LC50 31.8 μg/ml. This shows that Rhizophoraceae extract has potential as a natural anticancer agent. In the five rhizophoraceae species, C. decandra was the most active compared to other species. In the four plant parts, the bark was the most toxic.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan, Uji Antikolesterol dan Toksisitas dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemuning

Daun kemuning (Murraya paniculata L.Jack) secara empiris banyak digunakan sebagai antibakteri, anti inflamasi, penurun kadar kolesterol darah dan juga sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menguji aktivitas antioksidan, antikolesterol secara in vitro dan menguji toksisitas secara BSLT menggunakan ekstrak etanol daun kemuning. Daun kemuning diekstraksi menggunakan etanol 96% secara maserasi kinetik, selanjutnya ekstrak yang diperoleh dilakukan skrining fitokimia, diuji aktivitas antioksidannya menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH, uji antikolesterol menggunakan metode Liebermann-Burchard dan uji toksisitas menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun kemuning mengandung flavonoid, saponin, tanin, steroid/triterpenoid, minyak atsiri dan kumarin. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun kemuning diperoleh nilai IC50 sebesar 18,56 µg/mL, hasil uji aktivitas antikolesterol dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 593,95 µg/mL dan uji toksisitas dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 149,52 µg/mL. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun kemuning mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat herbal.

Uji Toksisitas Daun dan Bunga Tahi Kotok Jingga (Tagetes Erecta) Menggunakan Metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

Metode penapisan awal pada pengobatan bahan alam untuk antikanker yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan uji toksisitas ekstrak tumbuhan.Berdasarkan uji pendahuluan yang dilakukan ekstrak daun dan bunga tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder alkaloid, flavonoid dan fenol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder dan toksisitas ekstrak daun dan bunga tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Kandungan toksisitas dibuktikan melalui perhitungan LC50 yang dianalisis dengan regresi linear melalui microsoft office excel. Kandungan metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid, alkaloid dan fenol dari ekstrak daun dan bunga tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) dianalisis dengan uji reagen standar. Penelitian uji toksisitas dilakukan 3 kali pengulangan (triplo) dimana setiap pengulangan menggunakan 1 larutan kontrol dan 3 konsentrasi yang masing-masing terdiri atas konsentrasi 1000 ppm, 100 ppm dan 10 ppm. Berdasarkan analisis regresi linear nilai LC50 yang diperoleh adalah daun tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) 58,817092 ppm dan bunga tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) adalah 23,2904713 ppm. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa ekstrak kental daun dan bunga tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder alkaloid, flavonoid dan fenol. Selain itu, ekstrak kental daun dan bunga tahi kotok jingga (Tagetes erecta) juga bersifat sangat toksik dan toksik.

Dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by lesser black-backed gulls and white storks within and between inland habitats

Waterbirds can transport aquatic invertebrates internally, contributing to metapopulation dynamics between aquatic habitats in a terrestrial matrix. However, research into this dispersal process to date has focused on individual field sites or laboratory studies. We investigated the invertebrates dispersed by endozoochory by the lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus wintering in Andalusia, south-west Spain in 2016–2017, comparing seven sites interconnected by their movements, with different degrees of anthropogenization [three landfills, two saltpan complexes, a natural lake, and a large (370 km2) ricefield area]. In the ricefields, we also compared invertebrates dispersed by gulls with those dispersed by the larger white stork Ciconia ciconia. A total of 642 intact invertebrates and their propagules (mainly plumatellid bryozoans, cladocerans, and other branchiopods) were recorded in excreta (faeces and pellets) from gulls and storks. A greater diversity and abundance of invertebrates were recorded in ricefields, notably 43 individuals of the alien snail Physella acuta. One snail was still alive in a gull pellet 3 weeks after being stored in a fridge. This represents the first record of snail dispersal within waterbird pellets. Viability was also confirmed for the cladoceran Macrothrix rosea recorded in ricefields, and the alien brine shrimp Artemia franciscana recorded mainly in saltpans. In ricefields, gulls and pellets had significantly fewer propagules and fewer taxa per gram of excreta than storks and faeces, respectively. Through their high mobility, gulls and storks can disperse invertebrates between different natural and artificial habitats, and even to landfills. They can promote metapopulation dynamics for native bryozoans and branchiopods, but also the spread of invasive snails and brine shrimp.

A Comparative Study on Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potentials of Methanol Extract of Jatropha curcas Seeds and Leaves

Many medicinal plants have been reported to exhibit protective effects against many physiological diseases as a result of their phytochemical components which are effective antioxidants. This study was aimed at comparing the phenolic and flavonoids contents, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract of Jatropha curcas seeds and leaves. The cytotoxicity level of J. curcas was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging activities, 2, 2’-azino-bis-(3 ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) + scavenging activities and total antioxidant capacity. The total flavonoids and total phenols content (TPC) were carried out using aluminum chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu assay respectively. The results showed that J. curcas leaves have significant higher phenolic and flavonoids contents than the seeds. The total antioxidant capacity and FRAP were also significantly higher in the leaves than the seeds of J. curcas. Furthermore, the DPPH, ABTS and Nitric oxide scavenging activities were significantly higher in the leaves than the seeds. The J. curcas leaves have a higher LD50 than the seeds. In conclusion, this study suggests the antioxidant potency as well as the safety of the crude methanol extract of the leaves of J. curcas over the seeds. Keywords: Jatropha curcas, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, flavonoids, brine shrimp lethality test, total phenolic compounds