New Insight on Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence of Escherichia coli from Municipal and Animal Wastewater

Antibiotic resistance of the indicator microorganism Escherichia coli was investigated in isolates from samples collected during the course of one year from two wastewater treatment plants treating municipal and animal wastes in Slovakia, respectively. The genes of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in selected resistant E. coli isolates were described. A high percentage of the isolates from municipal and animal wastewater were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, and enrofloxacin. In the selected E. coli isolates, we detected the following phenotypes: ESBL (20.4% in animal wastewater; 7.7% in municipal wastewater), multidrug-resistant (17% of animal and 32% of municipal isolates), high resistance to quinolones (25% of animal and 48% of municipal samples), and CTX-M (7.9% of animal and 17.3% of municipal isolates). We confirmed an integro-mediated antibiotic resistance in 13 E. coli strains from municipal and animal wastewater samples, of which the Tn3 gene and virulence genes cvaC, iutA, iss, ibeA, kps, and papC were detected in six isolates. One of the strains of pathogenic E. coli from the animal wastewater contained genes ibeA with papC, iss, kpsII, Int1, Tn3, and Cit. In addition, one blaIMP gene was found in the municipal wastewater sample. This emphasises the importance of using the appropriate treatment methods to reduce the counts of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in wastewater effluent.

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Escherichia coli in River Waters Collected from Two Cities in Ghana, 2018–2020

Infections by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) are on the increase in Ghana, but the level of environmental contamination with this organism, which may contribute to growing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), is unknown. Using the WHO OneHealth Tricycle Protocol, we investigated the contamination of E. coli (Ec) and ESBL-Ec in two rivers in Ghana (Odaw in Accra and Okurudu in Kasoa) that receive effluents from human and animal wastewater hotspots over a 12-month period. Concentrations of Ec, ESBL-Ec and percent ESBL-Ec/Ec were determined per 100 mL sample. Of 96 samples, 94 (98%) were positive for ESBL-Ec. concentrations per 100 mL (MCs100) of ESBL-Ec and %ESBL-Ec from both rivers were 4.2 × 104 (IQR, 3.1 × 103–2.3 × 105) and 2.79 (IQR, 0.96–6.03), respectively. MCs100 were significantly lower in upstream waters: 1.8 × 104 (IQR, 9.0 × 103–3.9 × 104) as compared to downstream waters: 1.9 × 106 (IQR, 3.7 × 105–5.4 × 106). Both human and animal wastewater effluents contributed to the increased contamination downstream. This study revealed high levels of ESBL-Ec in rivers flowing through two cities in Ghana. There is a need to manage the sources of contamination as they may contribute to the acquisition and spread of ESBL-Ec in humans and animals, thereby contributing to AMR.

APPLYING THE CAVITATION EFFECT DURING ANIMAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Purpose: to analyze the advantages of cavitation disinfection of wastewater of various origins, including animal husbandry wastewater. Discussion. The problem of purification and utilization of livestock wastewater in Russia is quite acute, as well as the search for an alternative source of water for irrigating crops, one of the ways of solving these problems is the use of wastewater in irrigation. However, such a solution, in its turn, has its own difficulties associated with sanitary and hygienic requirements, large capital investments are needed to prepare wastewater for irrigation, the conventional treatment systems are large and complex. This arouses particular interest to the study of water disinfection by cavitation treatment. The analysis showed that the cavitation method has established itself as a reagent-free, economically and energetically beneficial water disinfection, which is used in many areas of activity. Conclusions: the cavitation method of purification and disinfection of various types of wastewater has clear advantages over existing methods. However, it requires further deeper and more detailed study of the disinfection process of wastewater from animal husbandry with the possibility of obtaining a purified and disinfected liquid, rich in organic substances, having a fertilizing value during irrigating crops.

Reducing Total Dissolved Solid of Livestock Wastewater with Moringa Seed Powder

In recent years environmental pollution has become a problem that needs attention because it causes negative impacts on ecosystems. The increase in cattle raising is directly proportional to livestock waste produced both from feces and excreted urine. Most people do not know how to process animal wastewater, so they dispose the livestock waste into water areas such as rivers that flow close to settlements. Water quality can be measured by several parameters, one of which is total dissolved solids (TDS). This parameter states the amount of solute both organic and inorganic in a solution. Moringa seeds have a coagulant effect due to their cationic electronic poly protein content. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moringa seeds on reducing TDS of livestock wastewater. The sample of this study was cattle farm wastewater taken from the cages of members of the Walung Mekar farmer group. Moringa seed powder concentrations used in this study were 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 150 mg/L. Observation was conducted in various time periods 0 minutes, 20 minutes, 40 minutes, 60 minutes. The TDS calculation method used gravimetric calculations (SNI 06-6989.27-2005). The results of variance indicated that Moringa oleifera powder had a very significant effect on the reduction of TDS levels in livestock wastewater. In summary, the best concentration of Moringa oleifera powder at 150 mg/L and the best deposition time at 60 minutes was able to reduce TDS levels.

Treatment of High-Strength Animal Industrial Wastewater Using Photo-Assisted Fenton Oxidation Coupled to Photocatalytic Technology

Animal wastewater is one of the wastewaters that has a color and is difficult to treat because it contains a large amount of non-degradable organic materials. The photo-assisted Fenton oxidation technique was applied to treat animal wastewater, and the optimal conditions of chemical oxygen demands (COD) removal were analyzed according to changes in pH, ferrous ion, H2O2, and ultraviolet (UV) light intensity as a single experimental condition. Experimental results showed that, under the single-factor experimental conditions, the optimal conditions for degradation of animal wastewater were pH 3.5, Fe(II) 0.01 M, H2O2 0.1 M, light intensity 3.524 mW/m2. Under the optimal conditions, COD removal efficiency was 91%, sludge production was 2.5 mL from 100 mL of solution, color removal efficiency was 80%, and coliform removal efficiency was 99.5%.