The ethics of supervision: Reciprocity, emergence and prefiguration

The paper asks: what makes for an ethical supervision? It begins by looking at the differing ethical requirements in situations of persons and things (science), and in situations of persons and persons. It is argued that if psychotherapy (and consequently supervision) is thought to be a scientific activity, then it will require the supervisor to subscribe to the ethics akin to those of the natural scientist. However, if psychotherapy and supervision are intersubjective relational activities, then the ethical requirements will be those of reciprocity and mutuality. Also necessary will be notions of prefiguration and emergence.

The Impact of Ethics on Job criminalization

The criminalization of some jobs can be traced in the law system of all countries. The criteria for this criminalization vary according to the legal system of each country. In Iran, job criminalization is based on the approach of Imami jurisprudence, which is a text-oriented and sometimes intellect-oriented paradigm. Therefore, jurisprudence determines whether a job is criminal or not. Along with theology and ethics, the science of jurisprudence constitutes the three scientific pillars of Islam. The relationship between these three is one of the fundamental discussions that have great impacts on the attitude of scholars of jurisprudence in dealing with issues. Among these, the relationship between ethics and jurisprudence is very important because these two are formed on the basis of instructions and warnings and it has caused a disagreement among Islamic scholars about their relationship. Some deny their relationship, some believe that ethics requires jurisprudence, and some consider jurisprudence to require ethical supervision. These variations have led to differences in their perceptions of issues. Of course, looking at the meaning of ethics and jurisprudence, it is clear that the two are in close contact with each other, and since human behavior must be accepted by God in order to lead to human happiness, ethics acts as an observer of jurisprudence. This effect is sometimes based on the imaginary and affirmative principles of jurisprudence, and sometimes on the methods of jurisprudence. These effects can be observed in the difference between a job criminalization, which is mentioned in this article.

Human embryo gene editing: God's scalpel or Pandora's box?

Gene editing refers to the site-specific modification of the genome, which mainly focuses on basic research, model organism construction and treatment and prevention of disease. Since the first application of CRISPR/Cas9 on the human embryo genome in 2015, the controversy over embryo gene editing (abbreviated as EGE in the following text) has never stopped. At present, the main contradictions focus on (1) ideal application prospects and immature technologies; (2) scientific progress and ethical supervision; and (3) definition of reasonable application scope. In fact, whether the EGE is ‘God's scalpel’ or ‘Pandora's box’ depends on the maturity of the technology and ethical supervision. This non-systematic review included English articles in NCBI, technical documents from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority as well as reports in the media, which performed from 1980 to 2018 with the following search terms: ‘gene editing, human embryo, sequence-specific nuclease (SSN) (CRISPR/Cas, TALENT, ZFN), ethical consideration, gene therapy.’ Based on the research status of EGE, this paper summarizes the technical defects and ethical controversies, enumerates the optimization measures and looks forward to the application prospect, aimed at providing some suggestions for the development trend. We should regard the research and development of EGE optimistically, improve and innovate the technology boldly and apply its clinical practice carefully.

HUBUNGAN KEWENANGAN ANTARA MAHKAMAH AGUNG DAN KOMISI YUDISIAL TERHADAP PENGAWASAN ETIKA HAKIM DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM

Oversight carried out by the Supreme Court and Judicial Commission will be very closely related to the independence of judges in deciding a case. The authority of the Supreme Court and the Judicial Commission in terms of ethical oversight of judges is intended to maintain and uphold the honor, dignity, and behavior of judges. From the results of the study found that the relationship between the authority of the Supreme Court and the Judicial Commission on the ethical supervision of judges must not exceed the authority regulated by the Act. The authority of the Supreme Court in following up the judicial ethics oversight report by the Judicial Commission, namely if the Supreme Court considers it appropriate or not, the Supreme Court notifies the Judicial Commission. In Islamic law supervision is carried out structurally operationally by the judicial institution Qadi al-Qudat and spiritually by Allah SWT.Keywords: Oversight; Authority; Supreme Court; Judicial Commission; Judge.

ETHICAL SUPERVISION AND MENTORING OF STUDENTS DURING THE WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING PROGRAMME

: The study investigates ethical supervision and mentoring during work-integrated learning (WIL) placement as WIL has emerged as a new venture in higher education. Work-integrated learning has emerged as a higher education endeavour that has created a new role for senior leadership and management. The study aims to investigate the ethical supervision and mentoring of students during the work-integrated learning programme in order to contribute to the effectiveness of the programme and improve student employability. More work has been done on work-integrated learning however, little has been done on the ethical supervision and mentoring of students during WIL. The study contributes to the debate of WIL implementation. The study revealed that there is a lack of adequate training for supervisors, which sometimes results in students running errands. The positivist research paradigm underpinning the study led to the use of a survey research design and questionnaires. During the research process, research ethical rules had been adhered to in order to ensure reliability of findings. A socio-cultural theory has been employed.