Remote Sensing and GIS based Land Use Land Cover Analysis in Chandel District, Manipur, India

Rapid urbanization has dramatically altered land use and land cover (LULC). The focus of this research is on the examination of the last two decades. The research was conducted in the Chandel district of Manipur, India. The LULC of Chandel (encompassing a 3313 km2 geographical area) was mapped using remotely sensed images from LANDSAT4-5, LANDSAT 7 ETM+, and LANDSAT 8 (OLI) to focus on spatial and temporal trends between years 2000 and 2021. The LULC maps with six major classifications viz., Thickly Vegetated Area (TVA), Sparsely Vegetated Area (SVA), Agriculture Area (AA), Population Area (PA), Water Bodies (WB), and Barren Area (BA) of the were generated using supervised classification approach. For the image classification procedure, interactive supervised classification is adopted to calculate the area percentage. The results interpreted that the TVA covers approximately 65% of the total mapped area in year 2002, which has been decreased up to 60% in 2007, 56% in 2011, 55 % in 2017, and 52% in 2021. The populated area also increases significantly in these two decades. The change and increase in the PA has been observed from year 2000 (8%) to 2021 (11%). Water Bodies remain same throughout the study period. Deforestation occurs as a result of the rapid rise of the population and the extension of the territory.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Cover and the Effects on Ecosystem Service Values in Rupandehi, Nepal from 2005 to 2020

Land cover (LC) is a crucial parameter for studying environmental phenomena. Cutting-edge technology such as remote sensing (RS) and cloud computing have made LC change mapping efficient. In this study, the LC of Rupandehi District of Nepal were mapped using a Landsat imagery and Random Forest (RF) classifier from 2005 to 2020 using Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. GEE eases the way in extracting, analyzing, and performing different operations for the earth’s observed data. Land cover classification, Centre of gravity (CoG), and their trajectories for all LC classes: agriculture, built-up, water, forest, and barren area were extracted with five-year intervals, along with their Ecosystem service values (ESV) to understand the load on the ecosystem. We also discussed the aspects and problems of the spatiotemporal analysis of developing regions. It was observed that the built-up areas had been increasing over the years and more centered in between the two major cities. Other agriculture, water, and forest classes had been subjected to fluctuations with barren land in the decreasing trend. This alteration in the area of the LC classes also resulted in varying ESVs for individual land cover and total values for the years. The accuracy for the RF classifier was under substantial agreement for such fragmented LCs. Using LC, CoG, and ESV, the paper discusses the need for spatiotemporal analysis studies in Nepal to overcome the current limitations and later expansion to other regions. Studies such as these help in implementing proper plans and strategies by district administration offices and local governmental bodies to stop the exploitation of resources.

CHANGE DETECTION AND GIS-BASED FUZZY AHP TO EVALUATE THE DEGRADATION AND RECLAMATION LAND OF TIKRIT CITY, IRAQ

LULC factors in Tikrit city (Iraq) and the neighboring municipalities are studied among 1989, 2002 and 2015 using various techniques of remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS), and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP). Satellite imagery with GIS helped to assess the standard LULC changes in the long term period. FAHP permitted estimating the importance of various LULC by determination of the suitable weight for used factors and then producing the evaluating models. Using different techniques, two models were created (1) to estimate the degradation of the land (2) is generated to determine the reclamation of the area. The finding reveals that the a overall accuracy of 97.0939%, 98.9199% and 99.5817% or 1989, 2002 and 2015 respectively. The outcomes also revealed that urban, vegetation, and water features area are developed in the long term (1989–2015) about 4.35%, 4.28%, and 1.49%, respectively, while barren area is reduced about 5.57%.The degradation map index showed that the lands strongly debased are these converted from vegetation to barren, followed by moderate to high these changed from water areas to urban, while moderate degradation is noticed of urban transformed to barren soil. Contrary, the reclamation map index illustrated that the lands are powerfully transformed from barren to the vegetation and followed by those converted from barren to the water, while barren transformed to the urban is marked as moderate reclamation. The transformation from urban to vegetation or water was classified as the low and deficient class to evaluate the area. The study is also revealed that the integration of remote sensing and GIS produces a successful method for LULC monitoring and managing the environment.

The Impact Of The Syrian Civil War On Land Use / Land Cover In Al-Yarmouk Basin During 2010–2018

The study goal is to monitor and evaluate the significant changes in land use/land cover (LULC) in Al-Yarmouk basin (YB) within only 8 year. (YB) is shared between Syria, Jordan, Palestinian Authority, and Israel. (YB) has been affected not only by water scarcity, frequent drought conditions; But nowadays provide proof that the major factor responsible for the current of the significant changes in (LULC) in the study area is the Syrian civil war that began in mid-2011, and the Syrian refugee influx into Jordan has been massive, more than 660,935 Syrians were registered in three camps; Za’atri the largest refugee camp in the world, Azraq and the Emirate, according to the Official figures, with the highest density about 58 not 50 person look; Fig.5 in YB. Landsat Thematic Mapper Landsat 5 (2010) and 8-OLI (2018) covering a period of 8 years. An on-screen digitizing methodology has been employed. The images of the study area were categorized into four different classes: vegetation, built-up area, barren area, and water bodies. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was applied at a threshold value≥ 0.1 to distinguish between the vegetated area and non-vegetated areas. IN this study, the NDVI and LULC based classification have indicated that significant change in (LULC) between a year 2010 and 2018. The Major change has been found in the vegetation area which decreased by (-12.02%), in addition, an increase of the built up area by (+1.69%). Al-Wehda dam area decreased by -0.08%. Linear regression trends showed a slight decrease in the mean rainfall during the study period (2010/2018). However, this finding is not statistically significant at the 95 % confidence level.

EFFECT OF EARTH COVERING AND WATER BODY ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE (LST)

Land surface covering and water body play an important role on local environment especially on Land Surface Temperature (LST). In study above mentioned concept has been conducted on the drainage basin of Atai-Bhairab-Rupsha river confluence which is an important place both for agriculture and trade in the south-western part of Bangladesh. Here the impact of both surface covering and water body on local environmental factor like LST is being analyzed to determine the main catalyst in ever changing LST. LST study in this area which is changed dramatically recently may be a well-defined index, reflects environmental conditions. LST is mainly altered by the factors like land surface covering such as vegetation represented by NDVI, water body by NDWI, and barren or urban area by NDBI but only few are key factors. The gradual changes of these four parameters (LST, NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) are studied for the years 1991, 1996, 2002, 2006, 2011 and 2017. From the LST study, it is observed that from 1991 to 2017 highest temperature decreased significantly and the difference between 1991 and 2017 is greater than 100C. Variation of lowest temperature all these years are insignificant. Meanwhile, from NDVI analysis if is observed that area of vegetation coverage increased in a significant rate from the years 1991 to 2017. The area of water body is being found almost unchanged in this time period from the NDWI analysis. Nevertheless, from the NDBI analysis it is found that the barren area is diminished significantly in this period and is obviously replaced by vegetation. At all, it can be said that the highest value of NDVI in 1991 is greater than 2017 denotes some short of drought or increasing salinity condition but in general viewpoint vegetation helps to keep surface temperature under control.

PENGHIMPUNAN PENGETAHUAN KETERAMPILAN LOKAL PEMBUATAN KERUPUK MENUJU DESA KERTAWANA KECAMATAN KALIMANGGIS SEBAGAI SENTRA KERUPUK

Kertawana Village is one of the villages in the District of Kalimanggis Kuningan Regency with a fairly barren area with less rainfall where the agricultural land is only rain-fed agriculture. Empowerment of housewives as members of the community is still classified as a productive workforce is very important, aimed at fostering awareness and independence in doing business, while expanding employment to increase family income. The potential of these housewives needs to be developed because for generations they have the skills to make various crackers. Then the activity in the form of gathering the skills and local knowledge of mothers who have very important to do. The skills of making crackers and their recipes need to be documented so as not to just disappear as one of the cultural heritages and need to provide motivation that these cracker making skills can be the main capital for housewives to produce and be entrepreneurs.Keywords: empowerment; local skills; crackers.AbstrakDesa kertawana adalah salah satu desa di Kecamatan Kalimanggis Kabupaten Kuningan dengan wilayah yang cukup tandus dengan curah hujan yang kurang dimana lahan pertaniannya hanya merupakan pertanian tadah hujan. Pemberdayaan Ibu-ibu rumah tangga sebagai anggota masyarakat masih tergolong sebagai tenaga kerja produktif sangat penting dilakukan, bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran dan kemandirian dalam berusaha, sekaligus memperluas lapangan kerja guna meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga. Potensi ibu-ibu rumah tangga ini perlu dikembangkan sebab secara turun-temurun mereka memiliki keterampilan pembuatan aneka kerupuk. Maka kegiatan berupa penghimpunan keterampilan dan pengetahuan lokal ibu-ibu yang memiliki sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Keterampilan pembuatan kerupuk beserta resepnya perlu didomumentasikan agar tidak hilang begitu saja sebagai salah satu warisan budaya serta perlu memberikan motivasi bahwa keterampilan pembuatan kerupuk ini dapat menjadi modal utama bagi para ibu rumah tangga untuk berproduksi dan berwirausaha.Kata kunci : pemberdayaan; keterampilan lokal; krupuk.

Simulating Carbon Sequestration using Cellular Automata and land use assessment; Case of: Karaj City, Iran

In this study, in the city of Karaj five classes of land use-cover including residential, agriculture, rangeland, forest and barren areas were considered and randomly in each class a total of 20 points were selected and vegetation and soil samples were taken. In plant samples, the amount of carbon sequestration was determined by calculating the amount of organic carbon by dry weight and in soil samples, the amount of carbon sequestration was determined by using Walleky and Black method, too. For each area, the average value of carbon sequestration of samples was introduced as carbon sequestration index of that class. Average values for each category were determined as an indicator of carbon sequestration of that class and then by using the DINAMICA EGO software a simulation was conducted using cellular automata approach to simulate changes in the classes of land use-cover in the city of Karaj. Finally, by using carbon sequestration index and the results of the simulation, changes in carbon sequestration in each class were calculated. On this basis, it was found that in the 15-year period from 2014 to 2029, not considering the residential class as the effective use of carbon sequestration, the greatest amount of carbon sequestration was found in the agricultural class and the lowest carbon sequestration was found in barren area. Also, agriculture class will be faced with the huge reduction of carbon sequestration, because of expansion of the residential area.

A new moth-preying alpine pit viper species from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Viperidae, Crotalinae)

The Sanjiangyuan region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot of alpine mammals but a barren area in terms of amphibians and reptiles. Here, we describe a new pit viper species, Gloydius rubromaculatus sp. n. Shi, Li and Liu, 2017 that was discovered in this region, with a brief taxonomic revision of the genus Gloydius. The new species can be distinguished from the other congeneric species by the following characteristics: cardinal crossbands on the back, indistinct canthus rostralis, glossy dorsal scales, colubrid-like oval head shape, irregular small black spots on the head scales, black eyes and high altitude distribution (3300-4770 m above sea level). The mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstruction supported the validity of the new species and furthermore reaffirms that G. intermedius changdaoensis, G. halys cognatus, G. h. caraganus and G. h. stejnegeri should be elevated as full species. Gloydius rubromaculatus sp. n. was found to be insectivorous: preying on moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Sideridis sp.) in the wild. This unusual diet may be one of the key factors to the survival of this species in such a harsh alpine environment.