Continuities and Discontinuities: Antiziganism in Germany and Italy (1900-1938)

In both Germany and Italy before WWI, populations labelled as Gypsies found themselves in a “state of exception” which aimed at their elimination from the nation-state by targeting them with policies emanating from the executive. Both states adhered to the liberal idea of equality before the law, but used the flexibility provided by executive authority to pressure Gypsies to leave the state. After WWI, both Germany and Italy were forced to retain “Gypsies” inside the state as a result of changing geopolitical circumstances. However, in fascist Italy before WWII, executive authorities continued to operate in a “state of exception” and ceased adhering to the rule of law, interning Gypsies in concentration camps and seeking to eliminate them through forced assimilation. In Weimar Germany, legislative policies sought to eliminate Gypsies through bringing them inside of the law. The contradiction between increasingly racialized notion of Gypsy inassimilability and forced assimilation’s inevitable failures certainly laid the groundwork for extreme measures in both places during WWII.

Modelo de política criminal de drogas en España: La tenencia para el consumo y el tráfico de drogas

The current basic norm for drug trafficking is drawn up in article 368 of the Spanish Penal Code.The imprecision of the legal description of the typical behavior constitutes a paradigm of what the Penal Doctrine calls an open type.The existence of imprecise criminal types causes the possibility of discrepant and contradictory positions, in many cases, on the part of the Courts andTribunals that apply the norm.The analysis starts from the history of public and legislative policies in Spain, pre- senting past and current laws, comparing the changes in the treatment of behaviors related to trafficking and the consumption of psychoactive substances. From the presentation of the legal-criminal particularities, legal and jurisprudential treatments are analyzed to differentiate cases of possession for consumption and drug trafficking.

A Valorative Approximation on the Legislative Policies in Spain to the Reality of Girls and Children Disconforms with the Assigned Gender

The trans phenomenon is part of the Spanish social life, its diffusion and its treatment by different media becoming more and more explicit. The publication of news, emission of debate programs, documentaries, books and articles of opinion or study, in which the situation of trans people is addressed, is not sporadic. The social, political and cultural transformations that have taken place during the process of establishing and consolidating a parliamentary democracy in our country have contributed to this. In this context, the greater presence and prominence of girls and boys who are dissatisfied with their assigned gender has generated an acceptance on the part of their families, constituting associations to defend the rights of their daughters and sons. For this the requirement of legislative policies that contemplate the agreements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and its legislative application in the Spanish territory, will be the basis to promote legislative initiatives in the various autonomous communities that exceed the established in the law 3/2007 regarding the trans question. These autonomous laws have been approved and are valued from family associations in an unequal manner, while still claiming a law of state implementation. This, together with their daily work, will be what will shape the analysis of this text.

LEGISLATIVE POLICIES AND CULTURE ON PARENTING PRACTICES: improving the parent-child relationship in South Africa

Os relacionamentos pai-filho são frequentemente descritos como vínculos únicos e duradouros que ocorrem entre um cuidador / pai e seu filho. Vários documentos de políticas legislativas sul-africanas foram implementados para orientar a prestação de serviços às famílias e fortalecer o relacionamento entre pais e filhos nas famílias. Este artigo visa examinar criticamente os quadros atuais e explorar o que é necessário na África do Sul, a fim de melhorar o relacionamento entre pais e filhos e os resultados gerais do desenvolvimento infantil. Utilizando uma perspectiva ecológica, os aspectos identificados como benéficos para melhorar o relacionamento entre pais e filhos na África do Sul são discutidos em nível micro, meso e macro. As influências culturais são consideradas e são fornecidas recomendações para melhorar o relacionamento entre pais e filhos em um contexto sul-africano.Palavras-chave: Relacionamento pai-filho. Desenvolvimento infantil. Desenvolvimento na primeira infância. Estilos parentais. Cultura. Teoria dos sistemas ecológicos.

The Regulatory Model for Eradication Corruption in Infrastructure Funding

This study aims to identify the causes and formulate a regulatory model for the eradication of Corruption in regional infrastructure development funds in Indonesia. This research was conducted by examining cases and laws related to Corruption. Some of the causes of corruption in regional development funds are: 1)Historical Factors; 2)Economic Factors; 3)Cultural Factors and 4)Institutional Factors. Although all four factors have been identified, there are still many countries that have not succeeded in eradicating corruption. An extraordinary crime requires extraordinary effort. The Government of Indonesia needs to formulate legislative policies with those manifested in specific deviant provisions. In addition, there are four approaches that are needed, namely legal approach, moralistic-religious approach, socio-cultural approach, and educational approaches. Massive actions must also be taken in various regions to start an anti-corruption measure.