On Action and Decisions by the Intelligence Consumer

This chapter demonstrates how the nature of the threat, the political situation during the Clinton years, the problem of induction and the fact that intelligence as a phenomenon was not properly understood combined to create a cognitive climate in which the threat became increasingly challenging to comprehend within the limits of inductive logic. This situation could develop because the interplay between the threat and the problem of induction facilitated cognitive closure, and it was when the consequence of this interplay interacted with secrecy and intelligence tribal language that discourse failure evolved. The final result was that the decision-makers did not manage to analyse the situation and the threat properly, and they thus did not have a language that was sophisticated and precise enough to communicate the complexity of the threat from al Qaeda. The Clinton and Bush administrations therefore became cognitively and politically handicapped and could thus not implement effective policy.

Secrecy and Intelligence Tribal Language

This chapter argues that psychological phenomena, and thus intelligence tribal language, are difficult and challenging to comprehend. Intelligence tribal language is a phenomenon that arises and develops in closed, secretive and often self-referring cultures. This fuels the language as a communication form that can only be fully understood by those who belong to these specific cultures. The language creates a sense of pride and fellow feeling, but it also, and more importantly, develops intellectual isolation and consequently discourse failure between different agencies and their consumers. Each agency probably has its own specific language that increases simultaneously with a changing and increasingly complex threat, since intelligence tribal language develops in the battlefield that arises between the human fear of freedom and the complexities offered by prediction. The communication between the intelligence communities prior to 9/11 was thus significantly hampered. A complex threat that fused with ‘product protection’ and a ‘need-to-know’ culture, and a rooted self-referring intelligence tribal language, seriously decreased discourse between intelligence operators and between intelligence institutions – but most importantly, and consequently most devastatingly, between the intelligence institutions and the intelligence consumer.

Hajong- A Study in Relation to Assamese and Bengali

Hajong is a language used by the ethnic tribe called Hajong living in the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and West Bengal in India and the Mymensing district in Bangladesh. The Hajong language belongs to the Indo Aryan (IA) family of language. As per the Ethnologue, Hajong is classified as Indo-European > Indo- Iranian > Indo- Aryan > Eastern zone > Bengali- Assamese. The Hajong language used by the Hajong people today may be considered as a mixture of Assamese and Bengali (involving different dialects of these languages). The Hajongs of Assam are seen to use a mixture of Kamrupi and Goalparia dialects of the Assamese language in their conversation. However, Ratan Kumar Ray Hajong (1982) holds that the Hajongs had their own language in the distant past and it disappeared in course of time the certain reasons for which are known to nobody. Our study reveals that Hajong as spoken in the present day has affinity with Assamese and Bengali as well as it has some unique features of its own. “Hajong is classified as an Indo-Aryan language. It has some degree of similarity with Assamese and Bengali, the two IA languages spoken in the region” (Guts 2012). The paper tries to introduce this tribal language and analyze how it has affinity with Assamese and Bengali.It also tries to discuss about its linguistic features along with its present status concerning its development.

Some Steps for Language Maintenance in The Society and Individual

Language is an arrangement of arbitrary symbols possessing an agreed-upon significance within a community. These symbols can be used and understood independent of immediate contexts, and are connected in regular ways. Naturally individual has the typical language characteristics which is influenced by the feeling, idea, emotion, situation and condition, articulation and cognition. Reading and speaking often and widely the textbook, watching/listening to television, films, radio and podcasts, networking and making friends with people, and starting a local language club are the tips for maintaining the individual’s language. The accent, dialect, and status of language are comprehended as the reflection of individual language and consequently are closely realted to the society. The use of tribal language in the traditional ceremony, party, religious services, daily activities, local billboards are the tips for maintaining language in the society. A good language status is greatly affected by the individual’s language competence and performance. Therefore, individual in a certain society is in charge to maintain the language.

CRISIS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY WITH LANGUAGE LOSS OF ORAON TRIBE

Why do you want to learn your language?”, “Learn English! the children speak in English fluently”, “What’s your mother tongue? - ‘Hindi”, “You belong to a tribe and you don’t you know your tribal language?” -- these are common remarks that the migrating people of a tribe settled in other areas, have to face. They usually avoid these questions or end up learning the language with the highest sociolinguistic capital in their surrounding context. Over a course of time, the language of their ethnic identity gets increasingly replaced in more and more domains. While these substitutions are taking place, when an individual contemplates about identity, the one thing that goes missing is the ethnic identity. Individuals not born and brought up around their tribe, lack the cultural and linguistic competence to appreciate one’s own ethnic identity. In course of time, this gives rise to an identity crisis. This crisis is not limited to one level, but on a wider arena there is language loss taking place. The reasons can be social, political, cultural, etc. Social reasons feature most prominently for all the stated problems and the strange questions that are asked. So, in the paper, attempts have been made to dissect the mentioned issues in vivid detail

Comparing Tribal Research and Specimens Policies: Models, Practices, and Principles

This article reviews a range of tribal policies regarding the proper solicitation, collection, disposition, and return or disposal of biological samples, or biospecimens, which include not only the sample itself but also data, such as genetic information, derived from the sample. These policies are not always found within tribal regulation, and many that exist emerge from a discrete set of models, such as from the American Indian Law Center (AILC), the Canadian Institutes of Health (CIHR), and the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB). Some policies merge language from these national models and conceptual papers with tribally specific foci, including incorporating tribal language for specific principles to guide research with that community and their biospecimens. The article concludes with recommendations for principles that emerge as paramount in the review for directing research involving biospecimens.

Relation of Sasak and Samawa Language: Diachronic Study in The Language Kinship of an Ethnic Group in Indonesia

The language variation of a tribe in Indonesia has directly reflected language diversity and accent in its speech community. However, inter-tribal language diversity does not mean that it does not have a language closeness relationship. Thus, in this study, the problems examined is the identification of the relation of the language of Sasak ethnic group and Samawa ethnic group. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to describe the language kinship (similarity) of Sasak language and Samawa language. In addition, language kinship can create a sense of language solidarity in order to strengthen the unity among the various ethnic groups in Indonesia. The collected data was obtained by employing method consisting of an interview with its basic technique and derivatives, observation (based on Swades vocabulary), and documentation. Sources of data were obtained from speakers of Sasak language and Samawa language who were communicating. The collected data were analyzed by combination method namely descriptive qualitative and quantitative. This combination was employed to describe the research in systematic, categorized, patterned, and dialectometry. Data are presented formally and informally. In the end, this study discovers the relation or relativity of variations of the two ethnic languages that will strengthen the value of togetherness and tribal unity in Indonesia.