Family Planning Decision-Making at Grass Roots Level: Case Studies in West Java, Indonesia

<p>This thesis examines the process of family planning decision-making with a view to understanding women's empowerment within the context of the Indonesian population policies and family planning programme. The objective of the family planning programme, established in 1970, is to create 'small, happy and prosperous families' through community participation. This goal has been strengthened by the passage of Law No. 10 of 1992 concerning "Population Development and the Development of Prosperous Families". From 2000, in line with the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action, women's empowerment has become one of the major concerns of the family planning programme as stipulated in its new vision and mission statements. Data for this thesis are provided by fieldwork conducted in two villages in West Java province, Indonesia, from December 2002 until May 2003. A qualitative research design, with a phenomenological approach, has shaped the conduct of this study. The case studies in the two villages revealed that the philosophy of 'small and prosperous family' has permeated down to the village. This idea has influenced the village couples' decisions regarding family size. Smaller families with better-educated children are believed to lead to increased family prosperity. Generally, decisions to do with family planning and childbearing are made by women because men regard them as women's business. The contraceptive preferences show that women bear the major responsibility in the use of family planning methods. Thus women in these villages were empowered, but only partially. The women's role in terms of decision-making still exists within the framework of the interests of their husbands. Nevertheless, women's empowerment in family planning, through access to information and contraceptive services, has emerged from the case studies as a key factor that has enabled village women to make informed choices to control their family size. Women's control of fertility has been a major contributor to the success in reducing fertility and increasing family prosperity.</p>

Family Planning Decision-Making at Grass Roots Level: Case Studies in West Java, Indonesia

<p>This thesis examines the process of family planning decision-making with a view to understanding women's empowerment within the context of the Indonesian population policies and family planning programme. The objective of the family planning programme, established in 1970, is to create 'small, happy and prosperous families' through community participation. This goal has been strengthened by the passage of Law No. 10 of 1992 concerning "Population Development and the Development of Prosperous Families". From 2000, in line with the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action, women's empowerment has become one of the major concerns of the family planning programme as stipulated in its new vision and mission statements. Data for this thesis are provided by fieldwork conducted in two villages in West Java province, Indonesia, from December 2002 until May 2003. A qualitative research design, with a phenomenological approach, has shaped the conduct of this study. The case studies in the two villages revealed that the philosophy of 'small and prosperous family' has permeated down to the village. This idea has influenced the village couples' decisions regarding family size. Smaller families with better-educated children are believed to lead to increased family prosperity. Generally, decisions to do with family planning and childbearing are made by women because men regard them as women's business. The contraceptive preferences show that women bear the major responsibility in the use of family planning methods. Thus women in these villages were empowered, but only partially. The women's role in terms of decision-making still exists within the framework of the interests of their husbands. Nevertheless, women's empowerment in family planning, through access to information and contraceptive services, has emerged from the case studies as a key factor that has enabled village women to make informed choices to control their family size. Women's control of fertility has been a major contributor to the success in reducing fertility and increasing family prosperity.</p>

Family planning and budgeting for human rights in India

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the budget of the Indian family planning programme from a human rights perspective. Family planning services play an important role in the realisation of the reproductive rights of women. In India, the family planning programme is one of the largest in the world with thousands of patients, mostly women, accessing services every year. Although the Indian legal system guarantees the right to health, Indian women from marginalised sections of society still battle inadequate services and the absence of health care that respects their right to reproductive autonomy and choice. Therefore, the question is: in the presence of a strong legal framework, what are the factors that contribute to this phenomenon? Design/methodology/approach The authors have gathered data from the project implementation plans at the state level comparing year-wise expenditure for family planning against overall expenditure for reproductive, maternal and child health expenditure. The data are then compared to the number of women using sterilisation to suggest a relationship between both. Finally, the article relies on desk research to review scholarship on the Indian family planning programme and applicable human rights obligations. Findings The paper finds that social-economic rights such as the right to health are applicable to government spending and budgeting. It also finds current spending in the NHM is insufficient to guarantee women’s reproductive rights as the vast majority of resources are spend on sterilisation, thus limiting women’s ability to choose the number and spacing of children. Research limitations/implications The data used in this research bears one limitation: the propensity of the government to change the guidelines as to how States should present their budgets in the project implementation plans. The authors have adjusted the data so that it remains comparable. However, the adjustment was not possible for all expenditure data, which is why the current study is limited to the family planning programme alone. Practical implications The paper argues that to be human rights compliant, health budgets of the NHM need to be geared towards the specific needs of women in terms of family planning. Finally, the article briefly outlines the role played by human rights and human rights litigation in impacting government budgets. Originality/value India’s family planning programme has been examined from a performance and medical standpoint, focussing on medical indicators such as total fertility rate, unmet needs for family planning, amongst others. Academic scholarship has investigated through statistical analysis patterns of contraceptive use and contraceptive mix. What is absent, however, is an assessment of the programme from a right-based perspective by looking at the human rights obligations of India and their normative implications for the Indian family programme.

PROMOSI KESEHATAN TENTANG KELUARGA BERENCANA PADA WANITA USIA SUBUR SEBAGAI UPAYA AWAL UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN KELUARGA BERKUALITAS

Goverment plans programmes to prevent preagnant postpone with family planning programme. Family planning programme for forming small family with socio economic power by childbirth control to gets happy and prosperous family to fulfill his life needs. General problems are family planning. Based on data they are interpreted that contraseptive users are still low. Low use of contraseption caused by many factors, one of them is knowledge of society about contraception. Counseling is one kind of methods for increase knowledge. Counseling is done on january 31st, 2009 at pendopo, hamlet of guwosari village, subdistric pajangan, distric bantul. Number of women of childbearing ange and follow conseling as many as 20 womwn of childbearing age. Before conseling has been done, partisipant were given pretes to see knowledge level of fertile womwn then conseling was conducted with lecture and discussion. Conseling used compilation powerpoint. Media and lifted about various types of contraseptions. After conseling has been done then post test to see increased knowledge fertile women about material that has been given. Pre test value 76.67% and after consuled. Then post test value of fertile women increase to be 86.67%, increase 10%. ABSTRAK:Pemerintah mencanangkan program untuk mencegah dan menunda kehamilan dengan melaksanakan program KB. Program KB yaitu untuk membentuk keluarga kecil sesuai dengan kekuatan sosial ekonomi suatu keluarga dengan cara pengaturan kelahiran anak agar diperoleh suatu keluarga bahagia dan sejahtera yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Permasalahan yang dihadapi secara umum adalah permasalahan Keluarga Berencana. Berdasarkan data yang telah diperoleh dapat diinterprestasikan bahwa pengguna kontrasepsi masih rendah. Rendahnya penggunaan kontrasepsi disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalah tingkat pengetahuan. Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang alat kontrasepsi KB. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, solusi yang ditawarkan adalah melakukan promosi kesehatan melalui penyuluhan tentang keluarga berencana pada wanita usia subur diharapkan akan meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang alat kontrasepsi. Penyuluhan merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan. Penyuluhan dilakukan pada tanggal 31 Januari 2019 di Pendopo RT 05 Dusun Dukuh Desa Guwosari Kecamatan Pajangan Kabupaten Bantul. Jumlah wanita usia subur yang datang dan mengikuti penyuluhan sebanyak 20 wanita usia subur. Sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan, peserta diberikan pretest untuk melihat tingkat pengetahuan wanita usia subur kemudian dilakukan penyuluhan dengan metode ceramah dan diskusi. Penyuluhan menggunakan media powerpoint penyuluhan dan liflet tentang berbagai macam alat kontrasepsi.Setelah selesai dilakukan penyuluhan kemudian dilakukan postest untuk melihat peningkatan pengetahun wanita usia subur terhadap materi yang telah diberikan. nilai pretest sebesar 76,67% dan setelah dilakukan penyuluhan, kemudian dilakukan posttest, dapat dilihat bahwa nilai posttest wanita usia subur meningkat menjadi 86,67%. Terjadi peningkatan sebesar 10%

POPULATION CONTROL, DEVELOPMENT, AND GHANA'S NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME, 1960–1972

The National Family Planning Programme (NFPP) was launched in Ghana in May 1970. It was a tool to implement the 1969 Population Policy Paper, which the military government, the National Liberation Council (NLC), had written with the aid of Ford Foundation advisers. The policy paper reiterated international ‘overpopulation’ discourses that pushed for national planning to stem population growth, especially in ‘developing’ countries. Indeed, it constituted an example of development planning. It discursively linked Ghana's prosperity, and modernity, to stemming rapid population growth through fertility limitation. When the NFPP was launched by the Progress Party (PP) government in 1970, its focus was to implement the population policy by limiting population growth through curbing fertility. International discourses of development and population, as well as the specific interventions of organizations such as the Ford Foundation, the Population Council, and the International Planned Parenthood Federation, shaped Ghana's family planning story. However, choices over the implementation of family planning were ultimately linked to governments’ modernization and development projects and ideologies. Different approaches to family planning by the Nkrumah, NLC, and PP governments highlight the fact that family planning was ultimately political, but legitimized by development discourses of global and local origin.

Before and After 1947

This chapter considers population trends in the decades either side of Independence. It does so in three broad phases. The first phase is the 1920s and 1930s—when there was unprecedented population growth, and public discussion about birth control increased. The second phase is the turbulent 1940s; here particular attention is given to the demographic effects of the Bengal famine in 1943–44 and Partition in 1947. The final phase is the 1950s and 1960s—when there was a big fall in the death rate and, very cautiously, a family planning programme was introduced. The chapter also considers developments relating to the urban sector, migration, and regional demographic variation. It concludes by noting that, with little sign of a fall in the birth rate, by 1971 there was increasing disappointment and concern about the performance of the family planning programme.

From Anxiety to Unconcern on Population

India experienced substantial mortality decline in the decades after 1971. By 2016 life expectation probably averaged about 68 years. However, much of the mortality decline resulted from narrow technical developments (e.g. immunizations) and was not always matched by commensurate advances in the state of the population’s health. The Emergency of 1975–77 led to sterilization excesses, and there was a backlash against the family planning programme. Subsequently, political leaders generally avoided talking about family planning and population growth. Partly as a result, the pace of fertility decline during 1971–2016 was slow. By 2016 the average level of fertility was about 2.4 births per woman. It was not until the 2001–11 intercensal decade that there was an appreciable fall in the rate of population growth. Consequently, between 1971 and 2016 the population grew from 548 million to more than 1.3 billion.

The knowledge, attitude, practice of contraception in breastfeeding mothers

Background: The nationwide Family Planning Programme was started in India in 1952, making it the first country in the world to do so. In spite of this about 56% eligible couples in India are still unprotected against conception. Even after 63 years of national level family planning programme there exists a KAP- GAP i.e. a gap between the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding contraception. Hence this study to reassess where we stand and also use it as an opportunity to increase the awareness, sensitize and motivate the eligible couples for contraceptive use and decrease the KAP-GAP.Methods: A structured questionnaire was given to postnatal breastfeeding mothers attending Outpatient department Obstetrics and gynecology and Pediatrics and postnatal wards of Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad from 1 November 2014 to 1 October 2015, and results tabulated.Results: In this study 48.4% of the mothers knew that exclusive breast feeding could be used as a method of contraception. About 54.6% mothers used one or the other type of contraception during breastfeeding. Most practiced contraception being condom followed by Cu-T. A very small number of mothers considered oral contraceptive pills and injectable contraception in the form of Depot-Provera.Conclusions: In most of the women attitude towards use of family planning method was satisfactory but there exists disparity between the knowledge and practice of contraception.