The Economic War Between USA and China and Future Scenarios

With the expansion of foreign trade and the burning of competition between countries, the value of currencies began to play an effective and effective role in the global economy, as some countries resorted to reducing the exchange rates of their currencies against the currencies of other countries in order to make their exports more competitive, and the manifestations of the conflict between America and China over the prices of Exchange their currencies, as America accuses China of interfering in exchange and evaluating the yuan under its real value. While the Chinese view the expansionary and extremist monetary policies of the Federal Reserve as an act of currency manipulation, some fear that this conflict will develop into a competitive reduction race that could cause global trade shrinkage and stagnation, and undermine confidence internationally in the international monetary system, which It causes a global financial and economic crisis with a profound negative impact on the entire global economy and the developing economies in particular, which some believe will be the biggest loser of that conflict. The relationship between Washington and Beijing is currently witnessing a wave of political and strategic escalation, especially from the American side, and despite this this the escalation is not new from its predecessors during the past period. But in terms of form, it may be the most severe, but it will not reach the war. Both countries need each other, whereas as much as there are tensions and fundamental differences, it is matched by the existence of common interests.

Competitive reduction of poultry-borne enteric bacterial pathogens in chicken gut with bioactive Lactobacillus casei

In this study, the effect of sustainable probiotics on Campylobacter jejuni colonization and gut microbiome composition was evaluated using chicken as a model organism. Chickens were given Lactobacillus casei over-expressing myosin-cross-reactive antigen (LC+mcra). LC+mcra can generate bioactive compounds in larger quantity including conjugated linoleic acid. A total of 120 chickens were used in duplicate trials to investigate the effectiveness of LC+mcra in decreasing C. jejuni colonization by means of kanamycin resistant strain compared to the control group. We observed that LC+mcra can efficiently colonize various parts of the chicken gut and competitively reduce colonization of natural and challenged C. jejuni and natural Salmonella enterica. LC+mcra was found to reduce C. jejuni colonization in cecum, ileum and jejunum, by more than one log CFU/g when compared to the no-probiotic control group. Furthermore, 16S rRNA compositional analysis revealed lower abundance of Proteobacteria, higher abundance of Firmicutes, along with enriched bacterial genus diversity in gut of LC+mcra fed chicken. Decreased contamination of drinking water by C. jejuni and S. enterica was also observed, suggesting a potential function of reducing horizontal transfer of enteric bacteria in poultry. Outcomes of this study reveal high potential of LC+mcra as sustainable approach to decrease colonization of C. jejuni and S. enterica in poultry gut along with other beneficial attributes.

Telfairia occidentalis Potentiates the Antiplasmodial Activity of Artemisinins and Amodiaquine Combination Therapy

Background: Drug-phytochemical interactions sometimes result in various unpredictable outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis and its potentiation of the activity of Amodiaquine (AQ) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Methods: Phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out using standard procedures. The extract prepared in 250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight together with amodiaquine and dihydroartemisinin were administered as a single dose and in combination to albino mice by oral gavage, adopting the standard procedures of prophylactic, suppressive and curative antiplasmodial assay models. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract confirms the abundance of alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The analysis reveals a significant (p < 0.05) competitive reduction of parasitaemia by the conventional drugs and the extract in a dose-dependent order. The aqueous extract of T. occidentalis at 250 and 500 mg/kg gave a percentage parasitaemia reduction of 83.90 % and 85.00%, respectively when compared with the negative control. The concurrent administration of the extract and the drugs produced a synergistic effect in a dose-dependent order. When AQ plus DHA waer administered concurrently with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of extract, the percentage reduction in parasitaemia increased to 99.50 % and 99.59%, respectively. Conclusion: This shows that the aqueous extract of T. occidentalis possesses significant (p < 0.05) antiplasmodial activity which is comparable to AQ and DHA. It also enhances the efficacy of the standard drugs which indicates an advantage in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.

Effect of Electrodeposition Parameters on the Composition and Surface Topography of Nanostructured Coatings by Tungsten with Iron and Cobalt

The electrodeposition of binary and ternary coatings Fe-W and Fe-Co-W from mono ligand citrate electrolyte has been investigated. The Fe-Co-W coatings were formed from electrolytes, which composition differs in the ratio of the concentrations of the alloying components and the ligand content. The investigation results indicate a competitive reduction of iron, cobalt and tungsten, the nature of which depends both on the ratio of electrolyte components, and electrolysis parameters. The effect of both current density amplitude and pulse on off time on quality, composition and surface morphology of the galvanic alloys was determined. Coatings deposited on a direct current with a density of more than 6.5 A/dm2, crack and peel off from the substrate due to the inclusion of Fe (III) compounds containing hydroxide anions. The use of non-stationary electrolysis allows us to extend the working range of current density to 8.0 A/dm2 and form electrolytic coatings of sufficient quality with significant current efficiency and the content of the refractory component. The presence of the Co7W6, Fe7W6, α-Fe, and Fe3C phases detected in the Fe-Co-W deposits reflects the competition between the alloying metals reducing from hetero-nuclear complexes. The surface of binary and ternary coatings is characterized by the presence of spherical agglomerates and is more developed in comparison with steel substrate. The parameters Ra and Rq for electrolytic alloy Fe-W are of 0.1, for Fe-Co-W are 0.3, which exceeds the performance of a polished steel substrate (Ra = 0.007 and Rq = 0.010). These properties prospect such alloys as a multifunctional layer are associated with structural features, surface morphology, and phase composition.

Photocatalytic Reduction of AuCl4- by Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 Nanoparticles

<p>Metallurgy and recovery of gold in electronic waste sometimes involve the reduction of tetrachloroaurate ion (AuCl4-) to elemental gold form. Currently, for the reduction of tetrachloroaurate ion, people use reducing agents such as hydroquinone and sodium borohydride. Photocatalysts of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared and tested for the reduction of tetrachloroaurate ion under UV light illumination. The magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle was first prepared by coprecipitation and sonication, followed by SiO2 and TiO2 coatings via the sol-gel process and calcination. The products were confirmed by XRD and TEM. The photocatalytic reduction of tetrachloroaurate ion was performed in a closed reactor equipped with a UV light source. The results indicated that Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully prepared, which retained good magnetic and photocatalytic properties. The photocatalytic reaction is best performed at a pH of 5 under UV irradiation for 2 h, which is capable of reducing 96% of the tetrachloroaurate present in the mixture. The co-presence of Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions in the solution leads to a decrease in yield due to competitive reduction and adsorption. The photocatalyst is recoverable by the use of a magnetic bar and may find application for gold recovery and metallurgy.</p>

Composition and

Principles of three component Iron-Cobalt-Tungsten alloys electrodeposition from complex Fe (III) based citrate electrolytes are discussed. It is shown, that deposition of ternary alloys proceeds through competitive reduction of cobalt and tungsten with iron. With increasing ligand concentration coatings are enriched with a refractory component; however, increasing current density favors a reverse trend. The effect of both current density and pulse on/off time on the quality, content of alloying metals and surface topography of electrolytic coatings were determined. The application of pulsed electrolysis provides increasing tungsten content up to 13 at.%, at current efficiency of 70–75%. Globular relief of Fe-Co-W coatings is caused by refractory metals incorporation, and crystalline and amorphous parts of structure are visualized by X-ray spectroscopy, including inter-metallic phases Co7W6, Fe7W6 along with α-Fe and Fe3C. The crystallite size of the amorphous part is near 7–8 nm. Corrosion resistance of the coatings is 1.3–2.0 orders of magnitude higher than the substrate parameters as follows from data of polarization resistance method and electrode impedance spectroscopy.

Selective electrochemical CO2 reduction over highly porous gold films

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO is usually subject to the competitive reduction of H+ to hydrogen.