Prevalence of melancholy in swat valley, Pakistan

Melancholy is major mental challenges that is characterize by sadness, sleep disorder, decrease energy, etc. It also have a great social and mental consequences, it is well know that depression will be the second largest cause of disability globally till 2020. The risk are even higher in developed countries. According to world health organization globally it effect more than 121 million people. Depression is a complex and multi-dimensional anarchy according to it has many faces and cannot be describing by one simple formula because it originate from numerous complex mechanism. Multi-faced nature of depression makes it difficult to find out its etiology. The purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of melancholy in different age groups and genders in district Swat. Overall 300 samples were collected randomly across different age groups and genders in which we found the prevalence of melancholy were 48.3% in which male depressed individual were 27.6% while female depressed were 20.6%. The number of depressed individual were maximum in age group vary from 10-20 which is 15%. To conclude depression is easily manageable but it need understanding that how to control your feeling and thought and think new and positively.

Role Disputes

IPT defines an interpersonal role dispute as a situation in which the patient and an important person in the patient’s life have differing expectations about their relationship. This leads to either an open or a tacit struggle. The depressed individual is invariably losing out in this conflict, which may be either a source or consequence of a depressive episode. This chapter covers definition, goals, and strategies when working with this problem area of role disputes. The three stages of role dispute are renegotiation, impasse, and dissolution. To manage a role dispute, patients need to recognize their own feelings about what they want and don’t want, feelings about the relationship and the other person, and what might constitute a reasonable compromise. Case examples of role disputes are included.

Survey of Keratinophilic Fungi in the Tigris River in Baghdad

The present study includs the isolation and identification of Keratinophilic fungi in fresh water samples collected from Tigris river in Baghdad, Iraq. Samples were collected from different districts of Baghdad (Al-Rustumia, Madina Al-Teb, Al-Azamia, Al-Kadimia, Al-Dorha and Al-Kanah). The water samples were examined for keratinophilic fungi by the plating method culturing and Hair Baiting Technique. A total number of 18 genera are recorded, in which the Tigris water indicates an impressive diversity of fungi. A variety of fungal strains were isolated from river water, out of 814 fungal colonies, Aspergillus terrus (5.5%) was the most frequent species, followed by Aspergillus niger (5.2%) then Rhizopus stolonifer (3.3%). The results revealed that the highest number of fungal species are found in water surface near the margin (75%) followed by the fungi isolated from water surface in the middle of the river (25%), whereas the number of fungi in 50 cm depth from water surface near the margin and 50 cm depth from water surface in the middle of the river is 17.10% and 12.20% species respectively. The results suggest that the Tigris river is a potential transmission route of fungi and a healthily hazard mainly for the immune depressed individual.

Is Depression “Evolutionary” or Just “Adaptive”? A Comment

Some recent explanations of depression have suggested that it may be “evolutionary” in that there are advantages to the depressed individual which arise from some aspects of depressive symptomatology. While the depressive behaviour of withdrawal from the adverse environment may provide some immediate benefits to the depressed individual, thus making it potentially “adaptive” in the short-term, this does not fit the biological definition of “evolutionary”. In fact, depression does not meet two of the three required criteria from natural selection in order to be evolutionary. Therefore, while some depressive behaviour may be advantageous for the depressed individual, and is therefore “adaptive” in an immediate sense, it cannot be accurately described as “evolutionary”. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Intraspecific interference in a tropical stream shredder guild

The structure of stream communities is typically thought to be driven by stochastic events such as floods, in contrast with communities in many other systems in which biotic interactions have a major role. However, it is possible that biotic interactions are important in some situations in streams, especially where resources are limited and physical influences are stable for substantial periods. Leaf litter – the main energy source and a distinct habitat in forest streams – constitutes a patchy resource where biotic interactions among and within consumer species are likely to occur. The intraspecific interference in four leaf-eating species (shredders), common in Australian tropical streams, was experimentally examined – Anisocentropus kirramus (Trichoptera : Calamoceratidae), Lectrides varians and Triplectides gonetalus (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae) and Atalophlebia sp. (Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae). All four species showed some degree of intraspecific interference, indicated by lowered leaf breakdown rates when density increased. Breakdown rates per capita decreased exponentially for all species with increased density, with slight differences among species. These differences were more evident when body size was taken into account, with breakdown rates depressed at lower densities for the two species with larger body sizes, T. gonetalus and Atalophlebia sp. Overall breakdown rates did not always increase with higher densities, because they were compensated for by depressed individual breakdown rates. Our results indicate that intraspecific interference can be an important mechanism regulating leaf breakdown in streams.